HORO 
cord with the riling and fetting of the fun at the vernal 
and autumnal equinoxes, as alfo at the iunimer and win¬ 
ter folftices. The days then differ in length alternately 
from 34 to 26 ghurees, as noted by the chime-figures of 
every watch ; all of which will be more evident from the 
mode of inferting them, and the manner that the plate 
has been (haded, to illu(frate thefe circumftances fully. 
The II. puhur, however, never varies ; and, being upon 
the meridional line, it of courfe conftantly falls in with 
our XII. day and night. The fourth ring from the cir¬ 
cumference fhows the ghurees when the day is longeft, 
running with the fun to the top, and from this to VI. 
P. M. for the. fubdivifions of the day, and in the fame 
manner by the bottom onwards for thole of the night, 
throughout thefe concatenated circular figures i, 2, 3, 4, 
5, 6, 7, 8, 0, 1, 2, See. as fieen in the plate. Still more in¬ 
terior appear the equinoctial ghurees, and on the fame 
principles exactly. Within thefe come the winter foifti- 
tial ghurees, fo clearly marked as to require no further 
elucidation here; except that in the three feries of con¬ 
vergent figures now enumerated, the reader will recoiled, 
when he comes to the higheft number of ghurees in any 
puhur, to trace the latter, and its chime, or number of 
bells, out by the gliuree chord. For inftance, when the 
days are fhorteft, begin 48 minutes after VI. A. M. and 
follow the coincident line inward to the centre, till you 
reach 9 and 34 for the clofing ghuree and gujur of the 
night; thence go round in fucceffion upwards with the 
day ghurees, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,-7, the chord of which laft 
terminates 30 minutes after IX. and has 7 upon it for 7 
bells, and 1 for eh puhur din , the firlt watch of the day. 
In this way the whole may be compared with our time ; 
allowing not only for the different meridians in this coun¬ 
try, but for the feveral intermediate periods, and the dif¬ 
ficulty of precifely afeevtaining the real riling of the fun, 
&c. Neareft the centre are inferted the prime divifions, 
or puls, of every ghuree, viz. 60, fo—15, 30,45, 60, in 
two fpaces only, becaufe thefe are the invariable conili-- 
tuent minute parts of the ghuree at all feafons of the year, 
and confequently apply, (though omitted to prevent con- 
fufion,) as in the plate, to every one of the h'oral feftions 
delineated there, into which the whole dial is equally di¬ 
vided. The intelligent reader may now confult the dial 
itfelf, and, “ I trull, fays Mr. G. with much fatisfaftion, 
as it, in fact, was the firft thing that gave me any accu¬ 
rate knowledge of the arrangement and coincidence of 
the Hindooilanee with the Englifh hours, or of the rules 
on which their economy is founded. I certainly might 
have traced out and inferted the whole for a complete 
year, had not the apprehenfion of making the figure too 
intricate-and crowded for general utility, determined me 
to confine it to the elucidation of four months only.” 
The apparatus with which the hours are meafured and 
announced, confifls of a fliallow bell-metal pan, named, 
from its office, ghuree-al, and fufpended fo as to be eafily 
(truck with a wooden mallet by the ghuree-alee, who thus 
(trikes the ghurees as they pafs, and which he learns from 
an empty thin b:afs cup called kutoree, perforated at bot¬ 
tom, and placed on the furface of water in a large veffel, 
where nothing can difturb it, while the water gradually 
fills the cup and finks it in the fpace of one ghuree, to 
which this hour-cup, has previoufly been adjufted aftro- 
nomically by an aftrolabe, ufed for fuch purpefes in In¬ 
dia. But the whole appears, even to the better fort of 
people, fo perplexing and inconvenient, that they are very 
ready to adopt our divifions of time, when their refidence 
among or near us puts it in their power. 
The firft ghuree of the firft puhur is fo far facred to 
the emperor of Hindooftan, that his ghuree-alee alone 
ftrikes one for it. The lecond ghuree is known by two 
blows on the ghuree-al, and fo on : one (troke is added 
for every ghuree to the highelt, which (aifuming the equi¬ 
noctial periods for this llatement) is eight, announced by 
eight diftinct blows for the paft ghurees; after which, 
with a flight intermiffion, the gujur of eight bells is (truck 
Vol. X, No. 661. 
LOG Y. 295 
or rung, as noted in the diagram by the chime-figure 8, 
and then one hollow found publifhes the firft, or eh puhur 
din or rat, as it may happen, and for which confult the 
plate. In one ghuree, or 24 of our minutes, after this, 
the fame reiteration takes place; but here (tops., at the 
feventh or meridional ghuree, and is then followed with 
its gujur, or chime, of 15; of which 8 are for the firft 
watch, and 7 for the fecond, or do puhur, now proclaimed 
by two full diftinCt founds. We next proceed with 7 
more ghurees, exactly noting them as before, and ringing 
the gujur of 22 ftrokes, after the feventh ghuree, or teen 
puhur, alfo known by three loud founds. The fourth pu¬ 
hur has, like the firlt, 8 ghurees, and differs in no other 
refpeft than having a gujur of 30 after the equatorial 
ghuree has been (truck, the whole being clofed by four 
loud blows on the ghuree-al for char puhur din or rat-, the 
repetition being the fame day and night during the equi¬ 
noctial periods, which is here given merely as an exam¬ 
ple more eafy for comprehenfion at firft than the reft. 
The extreme gujurs may be properly termed the evening 
and morning bell; and, in fa£t, the word feems much re- 
ftrifted to thefe, as puhur alone is more commonly ufed 
for the middle chimes than gujur appears to be. 
Six or eight people ace required to attend the eftablifli- 
ment of a ghuree; four through the day, and ae many at 
night; fo that none but wealthy men or grandees can 
afford to fupport one as a neceffary appendage of their 
conlequence and rank, which is convenient enough for the 
other inhabitants, as there are no other public clocks in 
all India. 
From the remarks made at the outfet of this article, the 
reader is prepared to view the fcience of Horology, or ra¬ 
ther of Horometry, under three grand divifions: 1. Of 
Sun-dials. 2. Of Clepfydrse, or Water-clocks. 3. Of Ma¬ 
chines with toothed Wheels, including clocks, watches. 
See. as ufed at prefent. 
I. Of SUN-DIALS. 
The word dial is formed from dies, day, becaufe indi¬ 
cating the hour of the day. The ancients alfo call it fei- 
athericum, from its doing this by the ftiadow. The anti¬ 
quity of dials is beyond doubt. Some attribute their in¬ 
vention to-Anaximander, or his difciple Anaximenes Mi- 
lefius, who flou'riflied in the fixth century B. C. and others 
to Thales. Vitruvius mentions one made by the ancient 
Chaldee hiftorian Berofus, on a reclining plane, almoft 
parallel to the equinoctial. Ariftarchus Samius invented 
the hemifpherical dial. And there were at the fame time 
fome fpherical ones, with a needle for a gnomon. The 
difeus of Ariftarchus was an horizontal dial, with its 
limb raifed up all round to prevent the fliadow ftretching 
too far. 
It was late before the Romans became acquainted with 
dials. The firft fun-dial at Rome was let up by Papirius 
Curfor, the Roman general, about the year of the city 
461, before Chrift 293 ; before which time, fays Piiny, 
there is no mention of any account of time but by the 
fun’s rifing and. fetting ; this firlt dial was fet up a-t or 
near the temple of Quirinus, but it was imperfefit; about 
thirty years after, as Pliny informs us, on the authority 
of Varro, M. Valerius Meffala, being conful, brought from 
Catania in Sicily another dial, which he fet up on a pil¬ 
lar near the roftrum ; but, for want of its being made for 
that latitude, it could not point out the hours with exafit- 
nefs. They, however, made ufe of it ninety-nine years ; 
till the cenfor Marcius Phiiippus fet up another more ac¬ 
curate, and conftriifted for the latitude of Rome, near 
that of Valerius. In that interval dials became common 
at Rome, as appears from a fragment of Plautus, pre- 
ferved by Aulus Geliius. 
But there feem to have been dials among the Tews 
much earlier than any of thefe. Witnefs the dial of 
Ahaz, who began to reign four hundred years before 
Alexander, and within twelve years of the building of 
Rome, 741 years before Chriit, mentioned in Ifaiah 
4.F xxxviii.' 
