IlO 
willingly lofe, it being delightful to his nature; fince it 
gives him pleafure to ftir and champ the bitin his mouth. 
When the rider perceives he has conquered his refractory 
humour, by obferving the fame courfe of practice, he may 
preferve what he had gained, and (till further improve 
him. 
Let not the breaker permit other perfons to ride the 
colt while under his care, nor till he is perfect in thofe 
leifons he has been teaching him; lelt he be confounded 
by the diverfity of teachers, and their different manner 
of treatment. When the horfe is brought to a juft ftay 
and p.ofition of his head, and an affurance of the bit, the 
owner’s care fhould be to maintain him therein. 
Be very careful, when you firft trot your horfe, to keep a 
true feat and firm hand, fo that he lofe not the excellent 
grace and form before prefcribed. But forbear to gallop 
him before he is quite perfeft in his long trot; out of 
that trot put him into a fwift gallop in the large ring, 
even to the ftop; but in doing this, be cautious that you 
do not haftily draw your hand to you, but by a little ftay 
of your body, back-and hand together, oblige him to re¬ 
treat a ftep or two ; there ftay him, and permit him not 
to go forward ; at the fame inftant make much of him ; 
and then place your hand and body in their former poii- 
tion. Let the breaker frequently walk the colt over fome 
deep fallow as faft as he can for half an hour, but fuffer 
him not to trot; let him keep his hand in a firm and 
temperate ftay, as before; and if he obferve his head to 
be in due place, his carriage light and pleafant upon the 
bit, he may be allured he lias gained the perfeftion of the 
hand, and the true ufe of it, for the breaking in and 
teaching his young horfe. Upon the whole, if lie be of a 
perfeCl fliape, his head will be always in the due place, 
and fall naturally on the hit. 
The difference between an expert and an ignorant 
breaker, may be diicovered by the actions of a well- 
trained horfe. Such a horfe appears with all the advan¬ 
tages that an animal of his order is capable of acquiring, 
and (hows himfelf, as well as the expert rider, with a no¬ 
ble grace and dignity, and ravifties the judicious fpecta- 
tor with delight and wonder. All thefe perfections may 
be eafily attained by good difcipline, difcreet manage¬ 
ment, and allowing time, with moderation and temper, 
which common breakers have little regard to; they in 
general are quite carelefs whether the colt is in or out 
of condition, and ride him with fuch extremity of whip 
and (pur, that, if he does not drop down under his bur¬ 
then, he is at leaft rendered incapable of performing any 
of his leffons for a long while to come. 
Having perfected your horfe, as well to trot fwiftly, as 
to ftop, and to go back; the next degree he takes, mult: 
be rightly and fearlefsly to advance ; which is done by 
teaching him to lift up his fore-feet juft and even toge¬ 
ther, like a goat, fomewhat above the ground, and to let 
them fall juft and even, twice or thrice fucceflively. If 
he does this truly and accurately, it will enable him to 
make a juft and perfeCt lunge, and a ready and true turn. 
The proper method to attain this is, to trot him gently 
forty or fifty feet in fome plain way, then give him a 
ftop, which he will perform exaftly, becaul'e he has learnt 
jt already. Let the rider always keep a fteady and plea- 
lant hand on the bridle, then inftantly with a mild voice 
fay, up, up, ltriking him at the lame moment on the ihoul- 
der, and alio prelling his lides ivith both calves of his 
legs together, but lpur him not if he will by any means 
advance without it. And you need not fear, hut with 
little labour and patient teaching he will attempt to do it 
twice or thrice together; if he do, let his rider at that 
inftant make much of him ; after which, let him paufe a 
little, and take breath. Then trot him again in the fame 
manner the like diftance of ground, and, as before, ufe 
him to rife gently again. But, if he fhould not mend 
every time, he mult /till be folicited till he do. And, 
when he will thus advance readily on plain ground, let 
him be taught gently oa the fide of a hill, to bring hira 
Vol. X. No. 663 . 
R S E. 377 
to ftop perfectly, and run Hiding upon his buttocks or 
his hind legs, which is very handlome and graceful, as well 
as comprifing fafety, either upon a foft trot or upon a loft 
gallop. If intended for a hunter, he fhould now be led 
to the leaping-bar, which will complete his education. 
Of the MANEGE, or BREAKING for the ARMY. 
The art of breaking horfes by the rules of the manege, 
was formerly of very high confideration among the poten¬ 
tates of Europe. Louis XIII. king of France, was at a 
vaft expence in ereCting riding-fchools and equeltrian 
academies for this purpofe ; and he boafted, certainly with 
truth, that he commanded the moft orderly and beft-dif- 
ciplined cavalry in the world. But his exertions foon gave 
a ftimulus of a fimilar kind to the nations he had to con¬ 
tend with ; and the dates of Germany, with the emperor 
at their head, in a fhort time contefted the palm for a iu- 
periority in well-trained horfes. Pruflia, in time, appeared 
in this relpeCI to furpafs its neighbours ; and the utility 
of the manege was even celebrated in peaceful Italy, and 
was encouraged in England with great avidity by Charles 
I. and his immediate l'uccefl'ors upon the throne. 
The mafters of this art divided their difcipline into the 
grand manege, and the petit manege. The objeCt of the 
grand manege, was to faihion horfes for the trappings 
of ftate, to give them what is called the grand pas, and t<» 
fet them upon their haunches like the Pegalus of the 
poets, ready to fly away at the fignal of their mafter. 
Thus we fee, in the prints and paintings of thole days, 
that every great perfonage who is reprel'ented on horfe - 
back, fits with his horfe thrown upon his haunches, with his 
fore-feet fitfpended in the air; or elle with one foot on the 
ground, while the other is excerciling the grand pas. The 
chief of thefe motions were diftinguifhed by the following 
technical terms : the terra at erra, the volt, the demi-volt, 
corvet, capriole, croupade, balotade, and the ftep and leap ; 
which lait is a motion compounded of three airs, namely, 
the terra d terra, the corvet, and the leap, by which the 
motion is finifhed. In the demi-volt, the horfe raifes his 
fore-legs higher than in a terra a terra. In the corvet, he 
raifes all four legs at once, bv which he moves forward 
by a fort of jump, fomewhat like the hopping of a crow. 
In the croupade, he leaps with his hind feet drawn under 
his croup, as if trailed up under his belly. In the capri¬ 
ole, he riles in the air with all his four feet, like the jump¬ 
ing of a goat, advances in his leap about two feet forward, 
and, inputting down his fore-feet, heyerks or ftrikes out 
his heels with great violence. In the balotade, he makes 
a fomewhat fimilar kicking-leap ; but on coming down, 
inftead of yerking out with all his force, he only throws 
up his hind feet juft enough to difeover his ihoes. In 
the terra a terra, he performs a number of leaps very dole 
to the ground, raifing indeed his fore-feet rather higher, 
but not lb high as in the corvet; but his hind legs move 
only juft above the ground, and are kept all the while in 
a trailed form, that, on finilhing the air, he might be in¬ 
ftantly fet upon his haunches, with his fore-feet railed, 
fo as to proceed on the corvet, if commanded fo to do. 
The fimple volt, is no more than a horfe prancing Tide¬ 
ways round a circle ; but the poor animal is l'ometimes 
made to perform the fame fteps or treads in an oval, equi¬ 
lateral, triangular, or ftraight-forward, direction, according 
to the whim or caprice of the breaker. When a horl'e is 
erfeft in all thefe motions, he is ftyled, “a full-drelfed 1 
orfe.” But thefe flow and fanciful modes of artificial 
progreflion have long grown out of ufe with fagacious 
princes, and have given place to the more aftive and vi¬ 
gorous exertions of the horfe, in the way Nature defigned, 
with the rapidity of men born to be conquerors, and not 
the Haves of parade and fliow. 
The petit manege, was the drilling or training, by whick 
the army riding-ma/ters fitted the horfe for military l'er- 
vice in the ranks. The chief objects of it were to let him 
upon his haunches while the commander-in-chief or any 
great perlbnage-palled by; and to make him rein wdi,.to 
5 E give 
