H O R T I C U L T U R E. 
ihoot nearly An equal degree of vigour; and the plants 
appeared, in the autumn of the i'econd year, as repreiented 
at fig. 2. The experienced gardener will here obferve, 
that a greater furface of leaf is given to the light, with¬ 
out placing any of the leaves fo as to (hade others, than 
can poffibiybe done by any other mode of training ; and, 
iii confequence of this arrangement, the growth of the 
trees, was fo rapid, that at two years old fiome of them 
were fifteen feet wide; and the young wood in every part 
acquired the molt perfect maturity. In the winter, the 
fhoots of the bit feafon were alternately ihortened, and 
left their whole length; and they were then prepared to 
afford an abundant and regular bloffom in the lucceeding 
i'pring. 
“ lit the autumn of the third year, the trees were trained 
as repreiented at fig. 3, the central part of each being form¬ 
ed of very fine bearing-wood; and the fize and general 
health of the trees afforded evidence of a more regular 
diitribution of the fap, than has been witnelfed by any 
other mode of training. 
“ A wall-tree, from theadvantageouspofition of its leaves 
relative to the light, probably generates much more fap, 
comparatively with the number, of its buds, than a ftand- 
ard-tree of the lame fize ; and, when it attempts to em¬ 
ploy its referved fap in the fpring, the gardener is com¬ 
pelled to deilroy (and frequently does fo too foon and too 
abruptly) a very large portion of the fmall fucculent 
Ihoots emitted, and the .Aphis too commonly prevents 
the growth of thofe which remain. The lap in confe¬ 
quence ftagnates, and appears often to choke the paflages 
through the fmall branches; which in confequence be¬ 
come incurably difeafed, and Hunted in their growth ; 
and nature then finds means of employing the accumu¬ 
lated fap, which, if retained, would generate the morbid 
exudation, gum, in the production of luxuriant fhoots. 
Thefe Ihoots our gardeners, from Langley to Forfytli, 
have directed to be Ihortened in fummer, or cut out in 
the lucceeding fpring; but great advantages have been 
found by leaving them wholly unlhortened ; when they 
have uniformly produced the fineft poflible bearing-v.'ood 
for the lucceeding year; and fo far as this p raft ice from 
having a tendency to render naked the lower or internal 
f>arts of the tree, whence thofe branches fpring, that the 
ftrongelt Ihoots they afford invariably iftue from the buds 
near their bales. The laterals alfo that fpring from thefe 
luxuriant Ihoots, if Hopped at the firlff leaf, often afford 
very ftrong blolfoms and fine fruit in the lucceeding fea¬ 
fon. Whenever therefore i’pace can be found to train in 
a luxuriant fhoot, it Ihouid rarely or never be either cut 
out or Ihortened; it Ihouid, however, never be trained 
perpendicularly, where that mode can be avoided.” 
Of GRAFTING and BUDDING. 
_ This ingenious operation confiffs in the infertion of a 
cion or bud into a ftock, or Item, railed for the purpofe, 
and is neceffary to the enfuring of good fruit; or rather, 
to have the lame produced on the new tree as that of the 
old one from whence the graft was taken: it is lometimes 
periorined on the branches of trees, and may be on the 
roots, a piece being railed out of the ground for the 
purpofe. 
Grafting is like planting upon a plant; for, though there 
is an union of the parts, there is in faft little other com¬ 
munication than a root has with the ground. The cion, 
or bud, draws nourifhment from the ftock, but no other 
than is properly adapted to its own peculiar pores, which 
by a kind of chemical procefs it alters, fo as to become 
explufively its own. A great variety of fruit is produced 
by grafting from the fame kind of ftock, juft as a great 
variety of plants are from the fame foil. The art of graft- 
ing is. a very curious difcovery ; and, though it requires 
forne ingenuity to perform it, a few trials will make it fa¬ 
miliar, and it will prove an agreeable fource of amufement 
and pleaiure ; fmce by its means young trees may be al¬ 
ways at hand for replacing old or unfuccefsful ones. The 
method is as follows; 
399 
Proper ftocks being ready, and cions or buds procured, 
it will be requilite to have a lharp pen-knife, and a fmooth- 
edge pruning-knife, with fome well-wrought loam or clay, 
and fome ftrong yarn. The clay Ihouid be made up as 
mortar, mixed with lhort hair, with a little horle-dung, 
and prepared a day or two before-hand. The firft thing 
to be done is, to cut off the head of the ftock at the proper 
height, and in a fair part of the bark, making a finooth 
flat top: if the ftock is too ftrong for the knife, and a. 
faw is ufed, it mull be fmoothed with the knife afterward;. 
Dwarf-trees are to be grafted within fix inches of the 
ground, and ftandards as high as the ftock will well bear, 
conlidering whether they are to be half or full ftandards; 
the former at about three or four feet, the latter at five or 
fix. But trees defigned for ftandards may be grafted, or 
inoculated, at a lower height, the graft being trained to 
the defired length, by keeping it to a fingle Item. 
The cions Ihouid be healthy and ftrong, and taken from 
the outfides of fruitful trees, where the juices of the wood 
have been properly digefted by fun and air: they fliould 
be taken from trees juft in their prime, or at full bearing, 
and not before. Let the cions of pears, plums, and cher¬ 
ries, be cut from the middle to the end of January, and 
at fartheft not beyond the middle of February; the feafon 
muft, however, fomewliat govern. Cions cut early are 
prevented from getting too forward in bud ; and if the 
buds begin to Hart, and look white, they feldom take. 
By cutting them as long as they may be kept before ufed, 
the lap of the ftock gets in forwardnels; for it muft firft 
begin to ftart, and lo be ready to pulh itfelf quickly into 
the cion, to form a union with it. 
In proceeding to graft, take off a iittle of the lower end 
of the cion firft, and then cut it in length, (o as to have 
three or four eyes to appear above the claying: two eyes 
will be fufficient for a ftandard, but four is better for a 
dwarf that is to be trained. In cutting cions into lengths, 
let the top eye be juft in front, or juft behind, but rather 
the former. Ule not the upper part of a cion, as the wood, 
is too raw for the purpofe,and will be fhriveiled; yet ftrong 
cions, properly inferted, feldom rnifs through drought ; 
indeed they will take fooner than if quite rVeih cut and 
full of fap The beft time for grafting is ufually from 
Mid-February to Mid-March ; but in a forward Icalon they 
will take fooner, and in a backward one lometimes later. 
Cleft-grafting has been the moft common method 
of propagation ; and, though it is not the neateft, yet it is 
a certain and eafy way to young practitioners. The ftocks 
for this purpofe Ihouid be ftrong, about three quarters of 
an inch diameter; but it may be ufed with very young 
ftocks, having cions of like.thicknefs. Cut off the head, 
as before direfled, lb as to have a linooth part in the ftock, 
where the cion is to be placed; and, cutting a part of the 
ftock off flopewife, oppolite to this place, leave the top, 
or the crown of the ftock, about half an inch wide. Then, 
cleave the ftock with a ftrong knife, or lharp chifel, about 
two inches deep, as near the middle as pofiible, fo as not 
to divide the pith; and, if any roughnefs appears in the 
flit, linooth it with a pen-knife; but fomething of a wedge 
kind muft be put into the flit to keep it open to receive 
the cion, leaving proper room to put it in. Cut the cion 
on each fide to the form of a wedge at bottom, an inch 
or more long, making that fide which is to be placed in¬ 
wards in the ftock, thinner by about one-third. Put the 
cion in, fo that its bark, and that of the ftock be level ; 
and, if the bark of the ftock be thick, let the bark of the 
cion fink in a trifle, as the current of fap that unites 
them always runs betwixt the bark and wood. The cion 
being placed, take the wedge out that kept the ftock 
open ; yet, if the ftock be fo ftrong as to pinch the cion 
too hard, eafe it by leaving a little bit of dry wood in the 
cleft. The graft muft be nicely faftened round wirli yarn, 
'and the whole clayed over to an inch above and half an 
inch below, fmoothing it off taper, with a trowel, or knife. 
And as this is done with a view to keep out wet, fun, and 
air, if the clay falls off, or cracks, it muft be immediately 
renewed, till the feafon comes to take off the bandage, 
j.. which. 
