II ORT ICULTURE. 401 
but for ftandards four or more, though fmall (locks may 
be budded for ftandards al'fo, if the hoot proceeding from 
the bud be trained to a fingle ftem, till of fufficient height 
to be topped in order to form a liead. Standards (hould 
be from three to feven feet high before they are topped, 
according to the height they are defired to be of, as half 
or full fized ; b’ut dwarfs for training can hardly .branch 
off too low, being budded at five or fix inches, or lefs, 
from the ground; the (hoot from the bud (hould be (hort- 
ened, at a year’s growth, to five or fix eyes, or to four that 
are well placed, with a lateral direction for the wall. 
Before the buds are prepared, get the Hock ready to 
receive them, by taking oft'lateral (hoots, leaving an un¬ 
cut fingle llem. At the part fixed on for the inoculation, 
cut the bark through to the wood in form of a T, the 
crofs and the down Hit being of the length neceffary to 
take in the bud, which may be cut with from'one to two 
inches of bark ; putting the point of a knife in to the ton 
of the down cut of the (lock, raife the bark all the way 
to the bottom, fo that it may juft receive the bud with 
proper fitnefs. 
To cut or procure the buds, put your knife in about 
three-fourths of an inch above the eye, and with a (lope 
downwards cut the cion half through, then do it at the 
fame diftance below the eye, and, (loping it upwards, cut 
till the knife meets the upper incifion, lo that the eye or 
bud may be dire&ly in the middle. Examine the infide 
of the bark; and, if there be a cavity juft behind the eye, 
or bud, it is good for nothing, and another mull be pro¬ 
cured ; for the cavity (hows that the root of the bud is 
with the wood, inftead of being with the bark. 
When the bud is put in, if it (hould prove a little too 
long, cut the (pare part off fo as to let the top of the bud 
fall in ftraight with the crofs cut of the dock. Thus fixed, 
bind it moderately tight in its place with wet yarn, and, 
pafiing by the bud, go on to the top, or rather above it. 
Care mult be taken that the bud is not hurt, and it is to 
be. left only juft darting out between the yarn. 
Another wiay is this : Clap the bud to the ftock, being 
firft fquared, and fcore the bark on each fide, and acrols 
the top ; and, inftead of (coring the bark at the bottom, 
do it a quarterof an inch above the- bottom ends of the 
fide lines; then take off the bark between the lines, and 
place the bud, by puftiing it down this lower piece of 
bark, being firft loofened, which will (erve to hold it. 
Bind it dole, but not over tight. If in this method the 
bud fits exaClly, it is a very lure and neat w ; ay of inocu¬ 
lating. 
If.the buds have taken, it will be vifible in about three 
weeks, or a month. As often as any (hoots appear below 
the budding, cut them off, and alfo fome of the (hoots 
above, if there are many of them ; for it is not proper that 
an inoculated ftock (hould have a large head. In a month 
loofen the bandage, by taking it off, and putting it on 
lightly again for another month. In March, cut the head 
of the ftock off dole behind the budding, in a (loping 
direftion; fome leave three or four inches of the (lock 
above the bud till the following fpting, and it will lerve 
to tie the new (hoot to, in order to .keep it ereft. Suffer 
no fnoots from the ftock, but rub the buds off as faft as 
they appear. Though inoculation may feem the (loweft 
mode of propagating fruit-trees, it proves eventually the 
quickeft; and is the moil certain way to produce free- 
growing trees, with a well-covered' ftock. The infertion 
of a bud has alio the advantage over a don, as a-failure 
does not hurt the ftock fo much. 
Lipping is cutting the (lope-face of the cion., fo as to 
leave a rib down the middle ; and then cutting out a 
notch in the part of the ftock that is to receive it.— 
Double-budding is twice budding, firft the ftock," and 
then the (hoot^when it is grown big enough, which is in 
two years. 
In cider-countries,'the grafting upon-decayed or decay¬ 
ing apple-trees has been lately found of conliderable ad¬ 
vantage to the proprietors of orchards. An improved me- 
¥ol. X. No, 670. 
thod of conducing this procefs has been lately difcovered 
by William Fairman, efq. near Sittingbourn, in' Kent, 
which he calls Extreme Branch Grafting, and- for which 
communication the Society of Arts, & c. prefen ted him 
with their filver medal. He deicribes the operation as 
follows: “ Having from time to time obferved in my 
orchards, that feveral trees became ftunted and barren 
from approaching decay, and had an unfightly appearance 
from breaking the rows, and deftroying the uniformity of 
the plantation, it became an objeft of feme moment to 
cure the defeft. This was only to be done by bringing 
the trees into an equal (late of bearing; an objeCl of the 
greateft importance in the fyftem of orcharding, and alfo 
for the recovery of old barren trees, which are fallen into 
decay, not lb much from age as from the forts of their 
fruits being of the worn-out and deemed nearly loft 
varieties. 
“ Having long, entertained tliefe thoughts, and been by 
no means inattentive to the accomplishment of the defign, 
I attempted to change their fruits by a new mode of graft¬ 
ing ; and am bold enough to afifert, that I have molt for¬ 
tunately fucceeded in my experiments. Having many trees 
of this defeription, I made an experiment on three of.them 
in March 1798, each being nearly a hundred years old. 
They were not decayed in their bodies, and but little in 
their branches. Two of thefe were golden-pippins, and 
the other was a golden-rennet. Each likewife had left oft’ 
bearing for leveral years. Procefs as follows : Cut out all 
the fpray wood, and make the tree a perfefl (keleton, leav¬ 
ing all the healthy limbs ; then clean the branches, and 
cut the top of each branch off where it would meafure in 
circumference from the fize of a (hilling to about that of 
a crown piece. Some of the branches muft of courfe be 
taken off where it is a little larger, and lbme finaller, to 
preferve the canopy or head of the tree; and it will be 
neceffary to take out the branches which crofs others, and 
obferve that arms are left to fork off, fo that no confider- 
able opening is to be perceived when you Hand under the 
tree, but that they may reprefent an uniform head. The 
trees being thus prepared, put in one or two grafts at the 
extremity of each branch; from this circumltance the me¬ 
thod is called extreme branch-grafting. 
“ A cement, hereafter deferibed, muft be ufed inftead of 
clay, and the grafts tied with bafs or foft firings. As 
there was a conliderable quantity of mots on the bodies 
and branches of the trees, I ordered my gardener to (crape 
it off, which is effectually done when they are in a wet 
flate, by a flubbed birch-broom. I then ordered him to 
brufli them over with coarfe oil, which invigorated the 
growth of the tree, afiled as a manure to the bark, and 
made it expand very evidently; the old cracks were foon, 
by this operation, rendered ir.vifiple. By the beginning 
of July the bandages were cut, and the (hoots from the 
grafts lhortened, to prevent them from blowing out. I 
muft here too obferve, that all the (hoots or fuckers from 
the tree muft enjoy the full liberty of growth till the fuc- 
ceeding fpring, when the greater part muft be taken out, 
and few but the grafts fullered'to remain, except on a 
branch where the grafts have not taken; in that cafe, leave 
one or more of the fuckers, which will take a graft the 
fecond year, and make good the deficiency. This was the 
whole of the procefs. The fyftem lucceeds equally well 
on pear, as alfo on cherry, trees. 
“ By oblerving what is here dated, it will appear that the 
tree remains nearly as large when the operation is finifhed 
as it was before the bufinefs was undertaken; and this is 
a mod effential circumftance, as no part of the former 
vegetation is loft, whiqh is in health fit to continue for 
forming the new tree. It is worthy of notice, that, when 
the vivifying rays of the fun have caufed the lap to flow, 
thefe grafts, inducing the fluid through the pores to every 
part of the tree, will occafion innumerable fuckers or 
cions to dart through the bark, which, together with the 
grafts, give luch energy to vegetation, that in the courfe 
of the fummer the tree will be aftually covered over by a 
5 K thick 
