410 
HOETIC 
*heir nature; and at the end of the year thin to from nine 
inches to a footafunder: thofe drawn may be planted out 
at the lame diftance; and thofe left ihould be re-planted 
the fecond year, left the roots ftrike too much downwards. 
The firft winter they ought to be protected from fevere 
f'rofts, by feme light dry litter, which remove in mild 
weather. 
Stocks defigned to grow for full ftandards Ihould be 
fet in rows, three or four feet afunder, and at one foot 
and a half in the rows ; or, if fet at the before-mentioned 
diftances, they may be tranfplanted again, another year or 
two, wider. Rows for dwarfs need not be lo far afunder 
as thofe for ftandards: but, before they are planted, the fide- 
fhoots rnuft be trimmed off, and the tap-roots ihortened, 
in order to procure a clean ftraight ftem, and a full root. 
The fecond year, in October, thofe left at about a foot 
diftance in the rows, may either be taken up and re-plant- 
ec!, cutting the tap to make bufhy roots, or, taking out 
every other, / left to grow of a fize fit to graft, or inoculate, 
as they ftand. Stocks of any kind will be three or four 
years growing, or two or three from planting out, before 
they are fit for grafting; and, if ftrong ftocks are wanted, 
more time will be neceflary: the rule of fubftance may be 
from a quarter to an inch, or more, in diameter. As 
dwarf-trees are grafted, or inoculated, within five or fix 
inches of the ground, much lefs ftocks will do for them 
than for ftandard-trees, which are grafted at fo-many feet 
high, if for fuil-fized trees. Stocks that are naturally of 
a flow growth, are coveted for dwarf-trees, that they may 
not mount the wall, fill the efpalier, or increafe to a large 
head too faft. So for apples, inftead of crab-ftocks, which 
are commonly of free growth, thofe raifed from the feeds 
of the paradife-apple are recommended, as growing dwarf. 
For pears, dwarf-ftocks are railed from quince-cuttings, 
layers, or fuckers; but, as quince-fiioots are commonly of 
a weak and crooked growth, the ftocks from pear-feeds 
are moftly ufed. But fuckers may be obtained from pears, 
quinces, &c. by cutting down an old tree within a foot 
of the ground ; and thefe, being planted out for a year or 
two, become good ftocks. If the fuckers, or Ihoots, lie 
high, bhey may be earthed up to induce them to ftrike. 
But fuckers will be often forced, by only cutting oft’ the 
top of an old tree, which is an experiment to be recom¬ 
mended, in pears particularly, as there will be formed a. 
new head, and an opportunity given' to graft for a better 
fort. And, if there are no fuckers, there may be low- 
placed Ihoots, proper for layers, of thofe trees that will 
thus ftrike; and moft trees will, if not the'firft, perhaps 
the fecond year. 
Stocks from fuckers, for dwarf plums and cherries, are 
often better than thofe raifed from ftones, as being lefs 
free in their growth; and the common red cherry and the 
black are to be preferred for ftocks, whether as to fuckers 
or feedlings. If fuckers of any tree grow at a proper dil¬ 
tance from the parent ftock, they may be grafted or ino¬ 
culated without removal, till wanted to plant out for 
fruiting. Suckers that are for ftocks Ihould always be 
planted out inautumn, and ftand twelve months at leaft be¬ 
fore they are ufed. Apricots, peaches, and nectarines, are 
grafted by inoculation on plum-ftocks, on thofe railed from 
ftones; but for apricots it hardly fignifies. Figs, quinces, 
and mulberries, are raifed from fuckers, layers, and cut¬ 
tings, without grafting; but from layers is the belt, me¬ 
thod, being more- fure than cuttings, and more fruitful 
than fuckers ; and in one year they will be rooted. The 
tea foil for both cuttings and layers is October, though 
Febz'uary is rather better for the fig. The layers from fig- 
trees mull not be taken off till the beginning of March, 
for when planted in autumn they are apt to die ; let other 
layers, however, be then removed. Medlars are grafted on 
pear, or crab, or fervice-tree, ftocks; but more commonly 
upon white-thorn ftocks, though the fruit is not reckoned 
fo good. 
Grape-vines are generally raifed from cuttings and lay¬ 
ers, lometiines from buds, either in autumn or fpring > 
ULTURE, 
but for cuttings rather the latter; and, if the vines a re 
pruned in February, or before, lay the cuttings by in dry 
mould or fand, till March or April. Place the layers in 
the ground, about four or five inches deep, leaving two 
or three eyes out. The cuttings ihould have three in the 
ground, and only one or two out, or be about a foot or 
fifteen inches long, and placed a little ailant; choofe the 
ihorteft jointed. Cuttings 'ihould have a knot of the old 
wood at bottom, for thofe cut off above, though they may 
ftrike, will not produce fo good or fruitful plants ; they 
are alfo beft taken from the lower part of the tree, the 
wood there being the moft ripened. Vines are beft raifed 
where they are to grow, by opening a hole, and placing 
two cuttings in, one of which is likely to anfwer. Keep 
it to one ilioot, and cut down to two eyes in autumn. 
'Keep to two ihoots the next funrmer, and prune down to 
two or three eyes in autumn, and then the vine will pro¬ 
ceed with vigour, and bear well. 
Chefiiuts are raifed by fowing thofe that are imported,, 
three inches deep, and four afunder, in rows fix inches 
apart; where growing two years, let them be planted out 
half a yard apart, in rows a yard afunder: When five or 
fix feet high, they may be moved where they are to remain. 
If the feed is good, it will fink in water. 
Walnuts are railed from well-ripened nuts, fown either 
in autumn or fpring; and if the latter, which may be ra¬ 
ther beft, preferve the nuts in their outer coats, in-dry 
fand. Thefe trees are beft but once moved, and their 
tap-root preferved, if for timber, with the head as entire 
as pofiible ; but, if for fruit, the tap-root ihould be ihort- 
ened, to prevent the tree mounting, and the head may be 
cut, to accommodate it to the root, as to fize. The wal¬ 
nut prefers a dry foil, and if gravelly it does beft; and,, 
though walnut-trees are many years before they come to 
bear, yet, if it were only for the wood, pofterity would 
have reafon to commend the planter of them- 
Filberts are railed from nuts, or fuckers, and layers, the 
latter of which is the beft method ; or they may be grafted 
on the common nut-tree. The nuts fown in autumn, or 
kept dry in fend till February, produce fine trees, but 
generally differ a little from the forts fown, and make a 
variety generally for the worfe. 
Currants and goofeberries are raifed principally from 
fuckers, flips, and cuttings, but beft from the latter. When 
from feed, it is with a view of obtaining varieties ; and 
hence the many forts of goofeberries now offered by nur- 
ferymen. Chufe cuttings, or flips, of the laft year’s wood, 
from fruitful trees, about nine or ten inches long, and fet 
them four or five in the ground, half a yard afunder; 
train them to one ihoot, or at the moft two,the firft year, . 
and in the next feafon head them down to fix or i even 
eyes, when a fine head will be formed the following year, 
and in the autumn they may be moved where they are 
deftined to fruit. 
Barberries are raifed from fuckers, layers, .cuttings, or 
feed fown in autumn or fpring. The latter mode of pro¬ 
pagation produces the fin eft fa rubs, with the largeft fruit ; 
though it is feldom praflifed, fuckers being generally 
plenty. Rafpberries are almoft univerfally propagated 
from fuckers, being always abundant; and as this faves a 
year, and feed produces varieties not always defirable, 
lowing is. not very commonly adopted in railing this fpe- 
cies of fruit. 
Strawberries are raifed from, feeds, offsets', and runners, 
but almoft univerfally from the laft; plants from feed pro¬ 
duce the largeft fruit, and fometimes a variety that is 
highly fuperior to the original. It ihould be fown in 
pots or boxes, in March or April. This method is par¬ 
ticularly to be recommended for the alpine, chufing the 
largeft and moft conical fruit for feed. The young offsets 
of the prefent year, (lipped in autumn, or thofe of the 
laft year flipped in fpring, will do for plants ; but the firft- 
runners are more commonly and properly ufed ; and, to 
have thefe fine, the runners beyond Ihould be pinched off 
in time. Offsets, early in fpring, and forward runners in 
rummer,. 
