413 
HORTICULTURE. 
rays are perpendicular being near each other, a great part 
of thefe "advantages is. loft; and on the contrary the re¬ 
flected rays are nearly the mod pofiible, which they would 
actually be if the angle were deprefled only 6° more. Be¬ 
tides, the good effects of the inclination are the greateit 
when lead requilite, July 21. The diagrams in.tjie Hor¬ 
ticultural Plate III. will fliow the angles of altitude and 
elevation of the roof. At fig. 1, HN is the horizon, 
the equator, P the pole, Z the zenith, S and s the 
fun, IE the earth : then the fun’s altitude SfE N — QZE N 
:± SJEQ — compt. of latitude + fun’s declination. At 
fig. 2, ABC is the feftion of a hot-houfe, SGD a per¬ 
pendicular ray: then as the triangles B G D, AC B, are 
fimilar to the angle GDB = angle CAB, i. e. the angle 
at A between the wall and roof angle of fun’s altitude 
when his rays fall perpendicularly. 
Though thefe improvements appear not to have reached 
France, yet we have from that country a mod ufeful and 
ingenious conliruftion of forcing-frames, which are either 
■ufed feparately, or made fubfervient to the purpoles of the 
liot-houfe. This appears to have been the invention of 
M. Benard, defcribed as follows : The lower part of the 
frame A, as reprefented in the Horticultural Plate III. 
fig. 3 and 4, is formed by the union of two fquare ladies, 
the lower about 13 decimetres, (4 feet French,) the upper 
only 9. The latter is railed above the former about 5 de¬ 
cimetres, (13 inches French,) and the two are joined by 
fmall iron-rods fit for the reception of the panes of glafs. 
The upper part, B, confids of a wooden fafh, bearing alfo 
four iron rods at the comers, and four in the middle, 
joined together at a lingle point C, where a heavy ring is 
affixed; the inclination of this upper part being lefs rapid 
than the roofs of the common green-houfes ; it is only 3 
decimetres by 8 for the half-breadth. 
During the time when the vegetation having grown up 
requires mote height in the building, a height of wood 
may be placed between the two portions, fo as to raife the 
upper part one decimetre at lead; another placed below 
would raife the whole, when needful, more than two. 
From this arrangement of the glafs arifes a body of light 
extremely favourable to vegetation. The proximity of 
the glafs is another advantage, which is the more im¬ 
portant, as it is well known that plants kept under glafs 
become weak, by lengthening themfelves to excels in or¬ 
der to reach and touch the glafs, near which the influence 
of the fun is always greated. And, ladly, the inclination 
of the glafs, and its being placed in three diderent planes, 
increafes more and more the effeft of the folar heat. 
Shutters applied in fuccedion, whether toward the north 
or toward the fun, proteft the plants from the cold, or 
Ihield them from an excefs of heat, and may be uled 
throughout the whole year, or during the winter nights. 
Thus, with mere glazed frame-lights, a great number 
of young and delicate plants may be reared, efpecially the 
fined melons ; and the more common productions may be 
accelerated, as well as a variety of flowers'; or lmaller. 
ereftions may be made for thefe various ufes; but the ex¬ 
tent of the ground thus prelerved from the chilling moif- 
ture of cold rains is ail advantage not to be neglected or 
forgotten. 
All this, however, conflitutes but half the merit of 
thefe hot-houfes. It is evident they may be placed over 
a hot-bed, accompanied with chafing-d idles, and their 
fliutters covered and furrounded with horfe-dung when 
needful; though, as is well known, the heat of that fub- 
flance, which is often difficult to be obtained, is dill more 
difficult to be kept up. 
The heat of furnaces is liable to the fame objections 
on account of their extent, even in the fmalled hot-houfes. 
Another deleft in thefe buildings is the didance of the 
plants from the glafs. A third arifes from the great mafs 
of air heated to a lofs ; not to mention the no lefs impor¬ 
tant mafs of the materials, naturally cold in themfelves, 
of which the walls are built. Ladly, their being dation- 
.gxy, is one of the greated obftacles to their being employ- 
Von, X. No. 671. 
ed in.horticulture. They are an expence only to be in¬ 
curred by land-owners, and by land-owners who live in 
affluence, or by an extremely lmall number of gardeners’, 
indudrious enough to derive from their liot-houles a 
quantity of fruit, which, if it does not enrich, indem¬ 
nifies them at lead for the expences attending this me¬ 
thod. 
But all thefe inconveniences feem to be avoided by the 
frame-lights- to which M. Benard has adapted an appa¬ 
ratus for procuring heat front a kind of fuel equally con¬ 
venient and ceconomical, namely, two fmall fyrnaces, in 
one of which, h, is placed a ftrong earthen pan filled with 
the dregs of oil, or two, in cafe of extreme need; a fecond 
furnace, g, above, with another pan placed there at the 
time when the five is lighted ; an iron pipe, f, placed at 
the bottom of the frame, to warm the wood and earth by 
means of the finoke palling through it; the circulation of 
which finoke is furthered by the fecond furnace, where 
the end of the pipe palling through it receives a local 
heat, which ratifies the air throughout the whole pipe; a 
wooden box,;, to inclofe thefe parts, which are conlh ufted 
of thin materials ; an iron pipe, i, terminating, if needful, 
in a T, to carry od’ the finoke when it has become ufe- 
lefis. This is the whole apparatus. The ceconomical gar¬ 
dener will find an advantage in having it in his power ,to 
keep the parts not aftualiy in ufe under cover : by which 
they lad longer, and their expence is confequently dirni- 
nilhed. By 1 'ubdituting a numbe of thefe forcing-frames 
for one hot- houfe, an advantage which mud be confidered 
as almod invaluable is obtained ; viz. that of varying the 
temperature, and accommodating it to the different plants 
they contain, as well as to their various periods of vege¬ 
tation.—Thefe improvements feem to be gaining ground 
very fa ft in England. 
Mr. Richard March, of Barndaple, in the county of 
Devon, has lately erected a grapery, the plan of which, 
as being of coniiderable intered, he offers to the public a* 
follows : “ This invention is a fimple, cheap, and eafy, 
mode of railing grapes, of a quality fuperior in flavour 
and perfeftion to any I have before met with. The ex- 
aft form of the building is reprefented in the Engraving, 
at fig. 5. The front and end walls are built with brick, 
two feet high from the ground, and glazed in front, two 
feet eight inches high, at each end, and on the top, like 
a common green-lioufe. It fronts due fouth, to receive 
every advantage of the fun. A, in fig. 5, is the door; 
B, in fig. 6, which exhibits a feftion of the building, is 
the hack, or garden-wall; CC are two beds of earth, two 
feet high, enclofed in a narrow brick-wall; D, the paflage 
between them. The back wall, B, is plaflered with mor¬ 
tal - , made of lime, Imith’s cinders, and lcales from the an¬ 
vil, each equal parts. Thofe vines which are fet at the 
end of the grapery are trained along the wall, and meet 
in the centre ; the grapery is twenty-two feet long ; in 
which fpace, and at the ends, no lei's than ten vines, of 
different forts, are introduced through the wood-work on 
the wall, which projefts for that porpofe. It is only four- 
feet weight inches high in front, fix feet fix inches wide, 
and eight feet high at the back. Before the building was 
erefted, I obtained all the information I could, from gen¬ 
tlemen of my acquaintance who underftood the manage¬ 
ment of vines in France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, &c. 
from whom I learned, that the roots of the vines fliould 
not be more than two feet fix inches afunder, nor let to 
run high, and but little wood fullered to grow from each 
root. Obferving thefe rules, I tried leveral experiments j 
and found the following method to be attended with lin¬ 
gular fuccels. Fill the two beds with rotten dung and 
garden-earth ; water the fame, when the fun appears the 
whole day, morning and evening, and fo in proportion. 
The exhalation will fupply every part of the vine with 
nourifliing warm water, as may be feen by examining the 
vine, which appears to be one of the caufesof producing the 
effeft. In the beds or earth-pits, pine-apples, or any thing 
elle, may be railed, to remain, or to be tranlplanted. In 
S N winter, 
