4J5 
II O HTI C 
jnnflar to what I have above recommended to be done by- 
art. For, as trees become old, the returning vefiels do 
not convey the fap into the roots with the fame facility 
they did when young; thus, by occafionally removing cir¬ 
cles of bark, we only anticipate the procefs of nature; in 
both cafes a ftagnation of the true fap is obtained in the 
fruiting-branches, and the redundant nutriment then paffes ■ 
into the fruit. 
I have fometimes found, that, after the circle of bark has 
been removed, a 1 in all portion of the inner bark lias ad¬ 
hered to the alburnum; it is-of the utmoft importance to 
remove this, though ever fo fmall, otherwife, in a very 
lliort fpace of time, the communication is again eftablifbsd 
with the root, and.little or no e'ffeft produced. There¬ 
fore, in about ten days after the firft operation has been 
performed, I generally look at the part from whence the 
bark was removed, and feparate any fmall portion which 
may have efcaped the knife the firft time.” 
The vine often bleeds excelfively when pruned in an 
improper feafon, or when accidentally wounded ; for the 
effectual cure of which, Mr. Knight recommends the fol¬ 
lowing preparation : If to four parts of fcraped cheefe be 
added one part of calcined oyfter-fhells, or other pure 
calcareous earth, and this compofition be prefled ftrongly 
into the pores of the wood, the fap will inftantly ceale 
to flow; by the aid of this, the largeft branch may of 
courl’e be taken off at any feafon with fafety.—For the 
natural hiftory and various fpecies of the vine, with the 
method of trimming and drefling vineyards, fee the arti¬ 
cle Vitjls, in this Encyclopaedia, and the correfpondent 
Engravings. 
On an improved PEACH-HOUSE. 
The ingenious Mr. Loudon, the well-known proje&or 
of many improved hot-houfes for different gentlemen, has 
lately offered to the public a Peach-Houfe on a new con- 
jftr lift ion, in which he propofes that the trees fliould be 
planted and fuffered to grow as ftandards. His remarks 
upon the fubjedf are as follows : 
Every one knows thatthefe trees are always “trained”. 
upon a wall or trellis; the praftice of which originated 
from a deficiency of heat in our climate. By training 
and fattening the branches, the trees are preferved from 
violent winds; and, when this is done on walls, the addi¬ 
tional heat produced by the reflection of the.fun is cer¬ 
tainly ccnfiderable. Some horticultures' may be dif- 
pofed to add, as another advantage of training, that the 
branches and fruit are thereby uniformly expofed to the 
fun. But this is not true, for one fide only of the tree 
and fruit is fully expofed; and, as this is rather unnatu¬ 
ral to ail trees, it mult certainly be more proper to afford 
them a fituation in which an equable and regular heat can 
be obtained on every fide. 
One principal intention of placing vegetables in hot- 
houles is, that they may enjoy a heat fimilar to their natu¬ 
ral climate ; and why they are not alfo allowed to enjoy 
their natural f-eedom, can onlybe accounted For,by advert- 
ing to the deficiency of obfervation and reflection in thofe 
gardeners who generally have the direction in matters of 
this kind. Mr. John Mawer, of Dairy, had a hot-houfe, 
in which he planted peach-trees againli the wall, and two 
flandard-trees of the fame kind in the centre. At the 
time of Mr. Mawer’s death, both the wall and flandard- 
trees had been, fix years planted ; the former were pruned, 
and otherwife treated in the ufual mode, and bore ordi¬ 
nary crops of fruit, fome years few, in others a confider¬ 
able quantity. The' latter never had one twig cut from 
them, and every year bore a double proportion of more 
beautiful, larger-iized, and better-flavoured, fruit, than 
thofe againft the wall . 
A double crop of fruit, and much lefs expence in ma¬ 
nagement, are certainly advantages which deferve lerious 
attention, whatever may be the circumftances which pro¬ 
duce the overplus. But, when the caufe afligned for this 
faCi agrees fo well with the general economy of nature, it 
ought to convince every peri’on capable of reflecting on 
ULTURE. 
the fubjeft, of the great fuperiority of the plan now re¬ 
commended ; and confequently, that peaches, neChuines, 
&c. when grown in a hot-houfe, fnould not be trained 
upon the walls, but be planted as ftandards, and left to 
alfume their natural fliape and modes of fructification. 
The firfl thing requifite is, that the houfe fliould have 
giafs on all fides, in order to admit the Tolar rays to every 
partof the trees. That this may be belt eifeCted it fol¬ 
lows, that it fhould be made of an oblong form, and placed 
fouth and north; and that the trees fliould be planted fo 
as to enjoy perfeCt freedom in the houfe. The next thing 
is, that the upright fide-glaffes fliould be made as high as 
pofiible, not lels than fourteen feet, in order that the 
trees may not be cramped or compreffed. In order that 
no advantage of fpace fliould be loft, it feems preferable 
to plant dwarf-trees, that they may fill the houfe with 
branches regularly from the ground to the roof. 
N.o vines fhould be planted againft the rafters in this 
•peach-houfe; but they may be planted near the columns, 
a black and a white fpecies on o.ppofite fides, and trained 
around them to their tops, where they may be left in a 
great mealure to themfeives, and in the progrefs of their 
growth they will hang down obliquely, and ftretch acrofs 
among the branches of the trees, forming curious and di- 
verfified feftoons of grapes, and producing more fruit than, 
if trained in ftraiglit lines, upon a wall or trellis. 
This peach-houfe may be placed either with one end 
againft a wall, or made a detached building in any part 
of a garden. In this laft cafe the furnace may be con¬ 
cealed under ground, and the fhaft or chimney either car¬ 
ried up in a lmall plate-iron column, or in a flue under 
ground, to the garden-wall, or fome concealed fpot. Bur, 
when the flue is carried under ground, a vacuity mull b« 
formed around it, in order to prevent the bad effeCls of 
the damp or moifture of the foil from retarding the 
draught of the fire. 
In the Horticultural Plate IV. the plan and component 
parts of this peach-houfe are exhibited. Fig. i, repre- 
fents the ground-plan, with the order in which the young 
trees are planted. Along the middle are feen the bafes 
of the five columns which fupport the roof, the centre 
one of which forms the chimney into which the flues are 
directed. A, the furnace aud fuel-pit. BBBB, the up¬ 
per furface of the flues, which forms an area all round 
the houfe, meeting at the central column, whence the 
fmoke iffues. C C, the entrance-dcors. 
Fig. z, reprefents a tranfverfe fee lion, to flrow the un¬ 
der-ground works. A, the furnace and fuel-pit. B B, 
the crofs-flue, which conduits to the fhaft or chimney. 
C C, fupporters of the flues, carried to a confiderable 
depth, in order to allow the roots of the trees to advance 
in every direction. D, the infide of the centre column, 
or c.himney, fhowing the damper, which is turned round 
by the handle at D, inftead of being drawn out, as in the 
common manner. E E, the foundation-walls, carried but 
juft above the furface of the ground, and on which the 
uptight fides of giafs are fixed. 
Fig. 3, reprefents a tranfverfe feition of the elevation 
or upper part of the peach-houfe, with the trees arrived 
at puberty, and covered with fruit. Alfo the vin,es, twin¬ 
ing round the central column with that freedom which 
Nature deflgned. 
On an improved PINERY. 
There are feveral things, Mr. Loudon obferves, which 
have rendered pineries more expenfive than other hot- 
houfes. i. More furnaces, in order to produce the higher 
degree of heat requifite for maturating this delicate fruit. 
2. The great expence attending the pit for the bark, in 
which the plants are plunged or inferted. 3. The ex¬ 
pence of paved paflages ufually made all round the houfe. 
4. Attendance throughout the whole year, and conftant 
fires during three-fourths of it. 5. The expence of the 
frequent renewal of the bark in the pits, in order to pro¬ 
duce and keep up a fufficient heat. A very confiderable 
part of thefe expellees Mn Louden propoles to diminifh, 
s by 
