H U M 
price of hops has been eftimated in different places, and 
by feveral perfons in the fame places, at three guineas, at 
4I. at 4-I.. jos, at 5!. and at 61. 2s. 
Though in very favourable foils, hops maj’’ be conti¬ 
nued on the fame fpot at pleafure, yet it is generally ad- 
vifeable to break up the hop-yard entirely in twenty or 
thirty years; and then the ground is in high order for 
aim oft any crops for fome years after, particularly for 
potatoes, of which an immenfe burden may be produced 
from fuch ground. 
Laws relating to Hops. By 9 Anne, c. 121,'an additional 
duty of 3d. a pound is laid on all hops imported, over 
and above all other duties,; and hops landed before en¬ 
try and payment of duty, or without warrant for land¬ 
ing, (hall be forfeited and burnt: the fhip alfo fhall be 
forfeited, and the perfon concerned in importing or land¬ 
ing fhall forfeit 5I. a hundred-weight. 7 Geo. II. c. 19. 
By 9 Anne, c. 12, there fhall be paid a duty of id. for 
every pound of hops grown in Great Britain, and made 
fit for ufe, within fix months after they .are cured and 
bagged ; and hop-grounds are required to be entered, on 
pain of 40s. an acre. Places of curing and keeping are 
alfo to be entered, on pain of 50I. which may be vilited 
by an officer at any time without obftrnftion, under the 
penalty of 20I. All hops fhall, within fix weeks after 
gathering, be brought to fuch places to be cured and 
bagged, on pain of '5s. a pound. The re-bagging of fo¬ 
reign hops in Britifh bagging for fale or exportation, in¬ 
curs a forfeiture of iol.a hundred-weight ; anil defraud¬ 
ing the king of-his duty by tiling twice or oftener the 
fame bag, with the officer’s mark upon it, is liable to a 
penalty of 40I. The removal of hops before they have 
been bagged and weighed, incurs a penalty of 50I. Con¬ 
cealment of hops fubjefls to the forfeiture of 20I. and the 
■concealed hops; and any perfon who fhall privately con¬ 
vey away any hops with intent to defraud the king and 
owner, fhall forfeit 5s. a pound. And the duties are re¬ 
quired to be paid within fix months after curing, bag¬ 
ging, and weighing, on pain of double duty, two-thirds 
to the king, and one-third to the informer. No common 
brewer, &c. fhall ufe any bitter ingredient inftead of hops, 
on pain of 20I. Hops which have paid the duty may be 
exported to Ireland; but by 6 Geo. II. c. 11, there fhall 
be no-drawback ; and by 7 Geo. II. c. 19, no foreign hops 
fhall be landed in Ireland. Notice of bagging and weigh¬ 
ing fhall be lent in writing to the officer, on pain of 50I. 
6 Geo. c. 21. And by 14 Geo. III. c. 68, the officer fhall, 
on pain of 5I. weigh the bags or pockets, and mark on 
them the true weight or tare, the planter’s name and 
place of abode, and the date of the year in which fuch 
hops were grown ; and the altering, or forging, or oblite¬ 
rating, fuch mark, incurs a forfeiture of iol. The owners 
of hops fhall -keep at their oafts, See. juft weights and 
fcales, and permit the officer to ufe them, on pain of 20I. 
6 Geo. c. 21. And by 10 Geo. III. c. 44, a penalty of 
100I. is inflicted for falfe fcales and weights. The owners 
are allowed to ufe caffes inftead of bags, under the fame 
regulations. 6 Geo. c. 21. If any perfon fhall mix with 
hops any drug to alter the colour or feent, he fhall for¬ 
feit 5!. a hunured-v.'eight. If any perfon fhall unlawfully 
and malicioufly cut hop-binds growing on poles in any 
plantation, he fhall be guilty of felony without benefit of 
clergy’. 6 Geo. II. c. 37. By a late act, five per cent, is ad¬ 
ded to the duties on hops. 
HU'MXJS, f. [Lat. moift earth.] Mould ; in minera¬ 
logy, a genus of the order of calcareous earths. Generic 
characters—Confiding of carbonat of lime, with a fmall 
.proportion of filex, hydrogen and carbonic acid gas, and 
oxyd : f irony formed by the decayed remains of animal 
■and vegetable fubftances; light, friable, imbibing but 
not retaining water, meagre, rough, humid, of a dull co¬ 
lour ; effervefcing with nitric acid, becoming cinereous 
in a fmaller heat, in a ftronger running into a frothy kind 
of glafs. 
i. Humus anirnalis, or animal, mould : impalpable, 
HUN 4C)3 
greedily imbibing water, hardly effervefcing with nitric 
acid in its rudelfate, but fenfibly fo when burnt. This 
is the fpecies found in church-yards, and other places 
abounding with putrid animal matter; white or cinere¬ 
ous, very light and fertile. 
2. Humus dtedalea, or vegetable mould : brown in a 
very fubtile duff. Found in all inhabited places, princi¬ 
pally originating from animal manure and depolitions, lo 
very fine as when mixed with water to pafs through a 
coarfe cloth or filtering paper; it affords the belt and 
richeft garden-mould. 
3 Humus ruralis, or black mould : black when moiften- 
ed, cinereous when dry. Found in all places where there is 
decayed vegetable matter, el’pecially in dry fituations ; and 
produces an excellent foil. 
4. Humus pauperata, or heath-ffiould : foon parting 
with its moifture, and when dry becoming farinaceous. 
Found on heaths, and produces a poor foil ; becaufe its 
particles are fo minute and impalpable, as in dry feafons 
to be blown about by the leaft breath of wind. 
5. Humus alpina, or alpine mould : brown with larger 
particles. Very common in alpine fituations. 
6. Humus eftervefeens, orfpongy mould : fv/elling after 
having abforbed and retained water fome time. Com¬ 
mon in fpongy places, and may probably have its origin 
in the rotten roots of plants ; it takes a long time in dry¬ 
ing, and is a bad foil for the farmer or gardener, becaufe 
in the fpring feafon it intumefees by the froft at night and 
the heat by day, and lifts up and eradicates the fmaller 
plants. 
7. Humus lutum, or bog-mould : very light, not com- 
buftible, black when moift. Found in fwamps and marflies 
undff water, and is produced by the gradual corruption 
of bog-plants ; it is fo light as to remain fome time fuf- 
pended in w’ater, and is ferviceable in fand'y foils. 
8. Humus martialis, or iron-mould : with a metallic 
tinge. Found in various parts of Britain, Sweden, Ger¬ 
many, Syria, Sec. in’ fwamps and marflies ; yellow-brown, 
reddifh, purplifh, or black, which Colour it receives from 
its contamination with oxyd of iron. 
9. Humus picea, or pitchy mould : black, becoming 
foTid as it dries. It is found in Scania, often in the cul¬ 
tivated lands, and requires a peculiar method of agricul¬ 
ture. 
10. Humus muriatica, fait or hoty mould : brown, of a 
faltiffi tafte. Found in the deferts on the confines of the 
Red Sea, Egypt, and Syria. 
HlFNARY, two fmall iflands near the weft coaft of. 
Hindoollan: fifteen miles fouth of Bombay. Lat. 18.47. 
N. Ion. 72. 38. E. Greenwich. 
HU'NAULD (Francis-Jofeph), an eminent anatomift, 
born at Chateau-Briant in 1701. He ftudied at Rennes 
and Angers, vilited Paris at the age of eighteen, and took 
the degree _of M. D. at Rheims in 1722. Fixing himlelf 
at Paris, he ftudied anatomy with great affiduity under 
Winflow-and Du Yerney, and was admitted into the Afca- 
demy of Sciences in 1724. He accompanied the duke of 
Richelieu in his embalfy to Vienna, as his phyfician; and 
ever after retained his confidence, and poileffed apart¬ 
ments in his houfe. On the death of Du Verney, in 1730, 
Hunauld was appointed anatomical profeffor in the royal 
garden in his ftead, and foon obtained a very numerous 
audience. He lectured with fluency, and diflefted with 
great nicety : his anatomical preparations were numerous 
and delicate, and particularly rich in the branch of ofte- 
ology. Having become a member of the faculty of Paris, 
he praftifed as a phyfician with fuccefs and reputation.. 
A journey to Holland procured him the acquaintance and 
efteem of the illuftrious'Boerhaave. In 1733 he vifited 
London ; and read before the Royal. Society (of which he 
was made- a member) Reflexions on'the Operation for 
the Filtula Lacrymalis, printed in the Tranfactions. As 
he was advancing rapidly to profeflional fame, he was car¬ 
ried off by a putrid fever, in December 1742, in the forty- 
fecond year of his age. Several papers of this anatomift 
3 ara,- 
