£02 H U S B A 
paunch on the near fide, about fix inches from the back¬ 
bone, at an equal diftance from the la It rib and from the 
hip-bone; then to withdraw the trocar, and to leave the 
canula in the wound, until the excels of air which the 
paunch contains has efcaped. The canula may then be 
taken out, and the wound covered with a plafter of com¬ 
mon pitch, 1'pread on brown paper, about the fixe of a 
■crown-piece. All the danger incidental to the common 
mode of ftabbing with the knife is e lie ft u ally prevented, 
by the canula being left in the incifion when the trocar is 
withdrawn. A fattening ox has been found to thrive 
as well after the operation, as if it had never been affefted 
by, the diforder. Even cows in calf are in no danger from 
its operation. It has been found particularly beneficial 
an preferring rearing-calves, and -young cattie, as well as 
fheep, when thrown into this dangerous malady. 
Fig. ia, is a view of the trocar and canula, inclofed 
one within the other. The blade of the trocar is made 
of Heel a, fig. 15, fixed into a wooden handle b. _ The 
lhape of the blade of the trocar is oval, as fhown in the 
end-view of the canula, fig. 14. The canula or llieath ce, 
as fhown at fig. 12 and 13, is an oval tube, which exaftly 
fits the blade of the trocar; f is a concave circular plate, 
fixed at the end of the canula, forming a hilt to prevent 
the inflrument from giving too deep an incifion when 
ufed; the end g of the canula is worked down to a (harp 
edge, that it may not obftruft the paffage of the in- 
ftrument. 
Of HORNED CATTLE. 
We appear to want an appropriate word in the Englifii 
language to defignate this clafs of animals. The term 
we have applied is far from ciafiical or cor reft; becaufe 
there are feveral well-known breeds of them which have 
no horns at all. File original appellation appears to have 
been that of Black Cattle , from whence was underflood ox, 
bull, and cow ; and the reafon aflignedis, becaufe formerly 
thef'e animals were all entirely black in every part of this 
ifland; and that the mixture of other colours has been wholly 
fortuitous, and introduced by bringing cattle acrofs the 
channel from the oppofite fhores. In confirmation of this 
opinion, the Welfh breeders inform us, that they have no 
true-bred cattle but what are entirely black ; and that they 
confider the introduftion of fpots or. ftreaks of any kind, 
even of white, as marks of a crofs of fome accidental 
kind, and turn them out of their pure herds accordingly, 
to be driven to fairs or markets. It does not appear, 
however, from experience or obfeiVation, that the colour 
of horned cattle is at all material, in the view of general 
utility, unlcfs we admit any weight to the old and com¬ 
mon exception of white and light colours on the fcore of 
tendernel's. Neat, was the Saxon term for thefe animals ; 
whence neat-herd-—Ao;, with the Greeks. 
We fully coincide with the opinion of Mr. Lawrence, 
ftated in his ingenious Treatife on Cattle, that in point 
of utility and profit, no Tingle animal can Hand in compe¬ 
tition with the cow; a lentiment which has been uni- 
verfhl from the primitive ages, and which, to this moment, 
has loft nothing of its force or its truth. Her milk, fo 
indifpenfable to civilized man, is her moll precious pro¬ 
duct,' and of which the value, in various forms, is fo uni- 
verlally and feelingly underltood. Of this real liquor of 
life, more valuable than the richeft wines, the cow will 
give the amount of many times her weight in the courfe of 
a year, and every year that fne continues in a conftant 
Hate of reproduftlon, unto the end of her life, when her 
lait gift to man is food of the moll fubftantial kind, and 
To many articles of various ufe, that no part of her carcule 
need be wafted or loft; the worth of thefe often replaces 
her original coll. 
The fielh of the ox, whether for immediate ufe or pre- 
Tervation, has been too often celebrated to bear a new 
' delcription. His tallow contributes to double the num¬ 
ber of our days — his joints give us oil—his hide, leather 
©f the ftrongeft kind—his hair helps to cement the walls 
N D R Y. 
of our dwellings-—of.his horns, are made combs and toys 
—of his teeth, buttons—his. bones are a cheap Tubftitute 
for ivory, and their allies ierve to refine filver—his large 
full eye is inftrumental to the difeoveries of the anatomiifc 
—his blood, gall, and urine, are of account in manu- 
fafture, medicine, and manuring the foil. 
The period of geftatioh with the cow, having a bull- 
calf, is, according to the average of molt accounts, two 
hundred and eighty-feven days, or forty-one weeks, with 
the variation of a few days either way; a cow-calf comes 
in about a week lei's time. The cow having -twins of 
different fexe's, the female is called a free-martin, and is 
faid to be invariably incapable of procreation. The free- 
martin, or barren heifer, generally has a buliilh appearance 
about the head, horns, and neck, with a final! udder. 
The different notions refpefting the qualities of the free- 
inartin, lhow very plainly the little dependance that is to 
be placed upon them ; by fome their beef is represented 
as of fuperior excellence; by others as coarfe-grainecl, 
flabby, and very bad. 
The age of horned cattle is determined by the teeth 
and horns. They, as well as fheep, are deftitute of teeth 
in the upper jaw; but the mark of age, as in the horie, 
is to be found ir. their comer incifory teeth of the lower 
jaw. The firft front teeth, or calves teeth, remarkable 
for their whitenefs, are filed at two years old, and replaced 
by others not fo white. - Every fucceeaing year, two 
other calves teeth, next to the front, are alio replaced ; 
and at five years old the incifory or cutting teeth', being 
all renewed, are of good length, vvhitiih, and even; and 
the beaft is then full-mouthed. From this period, as in the 
horfe, the teeth are gradually filling up until fix years, 
when the mark is complete. The teeth afterwards be¬ 
come difcoloured by age, and fometirnes long and irre¬ 
gular. At three years of age, the horns are Ihed, and 
replaced by ethers which continue. The indications of 
age from the horns are as follow: in the fourth year of 
the bullock’s age, a kind of button, or ring, appears near 
the head as the bud or bafis of the horn; in the courfe 
of the year this ring moves, being puihed forward by ano¬ 
ther which fucceeds it, a proceis which goes on to the 
end of the animal’s life, its years being determinable by 
the number of thefe rings upon the horns, reckoning 
three years for the firft ring. It is common with dealers 
to obliterate thefe rings, by fhaving the horns, in order to 
conceal the age of the beaft. 
The horns of cattle are alfo made defignations of dif- 
tinftion and variety, and are fuppofed to denote particular 
qualities. Thus, Englifii bullocks are dillinguifhed as 
long, half-long, fliort, and middle-horned, wide and 
broad horned, polled, or hornlefs. The grand diftinftions, 
however, are the long and ftiort-horned, which (eem ge¬ 
nerally implicated with peculiar properties of milk and 
hide. Thus the long-horned cows are faid to produce a 
richer milk, in courle a greater proportional quantity of 
butter and cliecfe, and a thicker hide, than the fiiort- 
horned ; which lafi, however, afford larger quantities both 
of milk, beef, and tallow. This however will ever more 
or lei's depend on the quantity and richnefs of the feed 
which they are relpeftively allowed. 
The molt ufual appellatives employed at this day are - 
ox, bull, and cow. Bull and cow calves. A young caf- 
trated male, after the firft year, is called a ftot, ftirk, or 
lleer—at five years old an ox. A female, after the firft 
year, is called a heifer or quey; at four years old a cow. 
And afterwards a caffrated female is called a fpayed heifer 
or cow. Bullock is the genera! term for any full-grown 
cattle, male or female, fat or lean 
Before the fcock is decided upon with which the farm 
is to be furniflied, it will behove the farmer to confider well 
the nature and quantity of the feed with which he will have 
to fuppQi t his dairy, and to what kind of breed that keep 
will be belt adapted ; and alfo that provifion for the flock 
is always JirJl to be taken care of. It is not every farm 
that will make a cow-farm ; for, where a cow will thrive 
3 and 
