3-14 
HUS B A 
though apt to leave the land more foul. On the cold, 
tenacious, fenny, and wet, foils, the oat may in many 
cales be fown with more advantage than any other kinds 
of crop, and likewife where lands cannot be put in a pro¬ 
per condition for barley-crops. 
Oats fucceed well after alinoft eveiy fort of green and 
root crops, but fhould not be cultivated after wheat, rye, 
or barley, where it can poffibly be avoided, as the loil by 
inch cropping would be too greatly exhaulted. It has 
been oblerved, that, in diltricls where improved methods 
of hufbandry are adopted, oats are generally grown upon 
fuch lands as have been newly-broken-up from the ftate 
of grafs, and that the practice is Ihown to be perfectly 
correft, by the abundance of the produce in fuch cafes. 
The old cuftorn of cultivating oat-crops in 1'uccedion for 
feveral years is equally abfurd and improper, and fhould 
be generally exploded. 
In regard to the preparation for an oat-crop, it is re¬ 
commended by an intelligent cultivator, when it is in¬ 
tended to be grown after cole, tares, early peafe, or 
fuch other crops as do not come off the ground later than 
the beginning of June, on foils that are too wet to admit 
of being ploughed in the winter feafon, to make an early 
baftard-fallow,- laying the land up into ridges proper for 
being fown early in fpring. - Or, when after fuch clean 
crops as come off too late to admit of baftard-fallowing, 
to plough only once, which fhould be as early as the bu- 
finefs of the farm will admit, into ridges proper for put¬ 
ting the feed in. As this kind of grain is fuppofed to be 
more liable than mod others to degenerate, by being too 
long fowed on the fame land, it is the practice of many 
diftrifts to change it for fuch as has been imported from 
foreign countries. It is probable, however, that, by col- 
lefting and lowing the belt and molt perfect of our 
own produce, this expenfive practice may be rendered 
unneceffary. By fimilar attention molt of the different 
forts of oats are alfo capable of being greatly improved, 
both m the quality and appearance of the,grain. 
It is moltly confidered by good farmers as a better and 
more correft prqftice to fow grafs-feeds with oats than 
with barley, as the tillage requiiite for the latter may dif- 
pofe it to become rank and be lodged, by which the 
grnfs will be drawn up weak through it, and in that way 
be greatly injured, as well as the barley, by the humidity 
thus produced, require a longer time in the field, and in 
that way be expofed to more danger in cafe of a wet fea¬ 
fon fucceeding; while with oats there is little rifle in thefe 
refpefts, as the draw is much lliffer and more firm. 
Where oat-crops are thin upon the ground, they grow 
ltrong, and are confequently better capable of fupporting 
themlelves without falling on the ground.—For the natu¬ 
ral hiltory of the Oat, its feveral fpecies, mofl profitable 
time of fowing, and experiments of its culture, fee the 
article Avena, vol. ii. p. 552-555. 
Of PEASE. 
Pisum, or Peafe, may be grown upon almoflany fort of 
foil ; but are found to fucceed bell on fuch as are dry, and 
poiTefs a middling degree of lightnefs, and being perfeftly 
clean. Pea-crops are mollly put in after wheat, barley, 
oats, or other kinds of grain. They may likewife fuc¬ 
ceed clover or fkintfoin in many cafes with advantage; 
and on old ley-.grounds, when newly-broken-up, they 
may often be found a beneficial crop, The varieties of 
peafe adapted to field-culture, are generally diltingnilhed 
into two kinds, the early and the late: of the former 
are the early Charlton, the golden hotlpur, and the com¬ 
mon wlii’e •. of the latter, all thofe of the gray kind, as 
the Marlboroughvgray, the horn-gray, the maple-gray, 
See. the firft of thefe forts is generally confidered the belt 
for field-hufbandry. 
In Sowing peafe, much muff depend upon the inten¬ 
tions of the cultivator; when the peafe are intended for 
podding, in order to be lent green to the market, which 
N D R Y. 
may be the mofl advantageous appropriation of the cro* 
near large towns, where they can be readily difpofed of, 
they Ihould be put in fucceflion at the dillance of ten 
days or a fortnight from about the middle of January to 
the latter end of March, beginning with the lands that 
are mofl dry and mellow, and proceeding to fuch as are 
more moift and heavy. In this mode of culture, regular 
l’upplies may be kept up for the daily confumption of the 
markets. The white early forts are in thefe cafes to be 
emplo} r ed. But for the general crops, when the fanner 
has no view of the above kind, they may be fown as early 
in March as the foil can be put into a proper llate of pre¬ 
paration. In thefe cafes the gray forts are mollly employ¬ 
ed. When the feed is put in at a later period, as in April, 
the white kind Ihould con Handy be preferred, as the pro¬ 
duce becomes more early, which is a matter of importance 
in pea-crops. 
The quantity of feed allowed to an acre mull vary ac¬ 
cording to the difference of the circumltances under which 
the crop is cultivated, the manner in which it is put in, 
jtnd the intention with which it is propagated. When 
the feed is put in on rich ground in the autumn, with the 
defign of pulling the pods green, it may be in the quan¬ 
tity of three bulheis and a, half, or four bulhels, to the 
acre; a larger proportion than in other cafes being gene¬ 
rally allowed. The peafe in thofe cafes fhould be put in 
in rows, at the dillance of about three feet from each 
other, in order that proper cultivation may be applied af¬ 
terwards. This mode of pvaftice is common about Dart- 
ford in Kent, where the green-pea fyftem of hufbandry is 
carried on extenfively, and with much profit to the far¬ 
mer. But for the general lowings, when the land is in 
tolerable condition, from three to three bufheis and a half 
is the common allowance, the earlier lowings requiring 
rather the moft feed. 
It is ufual with many fanners to fow the feed broad- 
call, but the drill-fyltem is certainly to be preferred, as 
being more regular, laving confiderably in the proportion 
of feed, and admitting of cleaning the ground with more 
eafe and advantage. In this laft method two bulhels, or 
two bulhels and a half, may often be a fufficient allow¬ 
ance of feed. The proper diftance of drilling peafe is 
mollly about twelve or lixteen inches for hand-hoeing ; 
but, where the horfe-hoe is to be employed, from two to 
three feet ; and the depth to which the feed is depofited, 
from two to three inches. The ufe of the hoe too, in 
llirring the intervals, and earthing up the young plants, 
is of effential advantage in promoting their growth, and 
protefting them from the injuries of the feafon. 
There are many inducements to the cultivation of this 
crop, in the vicinity of large towns, where the demand 
for green peafe is confiderable ; fuch as the ready fupply 
of money that is thus provided for the other expenfive 
operations during the fummer-months, the facility of 
thus rendering the land proper for the growth of turnips, 
and the large fupply of fodder that is afforded by the Hems 
of the plants when properly fecured ; notwithllanding the 
danger of fuch crops during the winter, and even in the 
fpring-months, when the fealons prove unfavourable, and 
the heavy expences incurred in the gathering and difpo-- 
fal of them. The cultivation of peafe, however, except 
in the above view, is generally found to prove an unpro¬ 
fitable fpeculation.—For further information on the cul¬ 
ture of peak, particularly of the garden kind , fee the article 
Pisum, in this Encyclopaedia. 
Of BEANS. 
Different kinds of beans are cultivated with equal fuc- 
cefs in different diitrifts, according to the • intentions of 
the farmers, and the nature of the foils in which they are 
grown ; but theymay be fufficiently dillinguilhed by divid¬ 
ing, them into field and garden beans. Oi the firft fort the 
common holfe-bean is the molt generally cultivated on the 
llrong lands, as it is found to grow to a greater height in 
