5.4S H U S B 1 
allowing it to be fown too thin, both in refperit to the drills 
and the didances of the rows, the practice may in many 
indances have been brought into difrepute. It is, how¬ 
ever, fuiRciently fhown by numerous comparative experi¬ 
ments, that-where the nature of the ground and the date 
of tillage are 1'uch as to admit the implements to perform 
the bulinefs in a proper manner, and where a regular at¬ 
tention is bebowed on the after-management of the crops, 
it is a method that has not only advantages in the ways 
that have been mentioned, but much luperiority in the 
quantify and quality of the produce, as,well as the more 
perfect tillage of the land. 
' The forts of land* on which this method of fowing may 
be had recourfe to with the greateft probability of fuc- 
cefs, are thofe of the lighter and more mellow kinds, that 
are not fo ftrong as to obftruft or impede the operation 
of the drill, and fuch of the heavy defcriptions as have 
been brought into a date of tolerable finenefs, and are 
not too wet or did’ to hinder the action of the machine ; 
but it can feldom or ever be employed to much advan¬ 
tage on foils of a very dony nature, becaufe the bones 
will condantly be liable to derange the operation of the 
drill, and render the didribution of -the feed irregular 
and incomplete. In very wet feed-feafons too, it mud 
probably give way to the broadcad method, as the opera¬ 
tions of the drill in a w 7 et feafon would fcarcely ever be 
performed with that regularity and exaftnefs which is 
necedary. But in whatever kind of foil, and wherever 
the method of lowing by the drill is attempted, it will 
invariably be proper, beddes fuiting the crop to the qua¬ 
lity of the foil, to proportion the quantity of feed to the 
nature of the land, and the didance of the rows to that 
of the crop, and likewife keep up a condant and minute 
regard to the culture of the crop during its growth. 
In the fowing of crops by means of drill-machines, dif¬ 
ferent didances in the rows and intervals have been re¬ 
commended, according to the particular intentions of the 
farmer. It is obvious that inconveniences mud be expe¬ 
rienced by their being either too large or too narrow ; as 
in the former there mud be a great lofs of ground, and 
in the latter little advantage can be derived in the cul¬ 
ture of the crops while growing. The nature of the 
land mud probably have condderable influence in regard 
to the didance of the rows, and the manner of drilling. 
On the dry light for.ts of foil, whether loamy, gravelly, 
or chalky, that can be condantly ploughed and kept upon 
the dat, as is the cudom in the eaftern parts of Kent, 
clofe drilling is probably to be preferred as the mod ad¬ 
vantageous. But on fuch foils as require ridging, fome- 
vyhat w'ider didances may be proper. An ingenious ex- 
-perimenter on this fubje-ft, found, that drilling three rows 
eleven or twelve inches afunder, on three-bout ridges, 
generally fucceeded well. The three-bouts, in this way, 
form a ridge about four feet and a half in breadth ; the 
three rows at the didance mentioned occupying two feet, 
and the horle-hoe, pading on the fide of each outfide 
row, at the didance of three inches, leaves the ridge two 
feet and a half, broad, and the intervals between the 
ridges about two feet. It is, however, further fuggeded, 
from remarking that in thefe cafes the outfide rows al¬ 
ways afford the mod vigorous and healthy plants, that 
two rows only, on two-bout ridges, would be equally 
productive, and leave the land in better condition. But 
whatever may be the molt fuitable didances, which expe¬ 
riment does not teem to have yet fully lhown, the very 
wide intervals of the early practice are to be avoided as 
improper for all forts of grain, both on account of the 
lofs that mud unavoidably be fudained by the largenefs 
of the fpaces, and becaufe the intervals or fpaces between 
rows, at much lefs didance, can, in the improved me¬ 
thods of horfe-hoeing, be dirred with equal facility and 
exaCtnefs. For various kinds of green-crops, fuch as cab¬ 
bages, potatoes,- and others of a fimilar nature, wide dis¬ 
tances mud obvioufly be the mod proper. But the width 
of the intervals, and the proportion of feed, that have ap- 
V N D R Y. 
peared the mod eligible for wheat, rye, barley, oats, and 
vetches, on fuch foils as are not very wet, are equididant 
row's of one foot, on five or ten feet ridges. And for 
beans, peafe, and turnips, on three-feet ridges, two rows 
on each, nine inches apart* with intervals of twenty-fe- 
v-en inches. 
In refpeft to the proportion of feed, it is obferved, that 
fuch lands as are in high tilth, and on live-feet ridges, 
will only require three pecks of feed of either wheat or 
rye, five pecks of barley, oats, or vetches, and one budiel 
of beans or peafe, to the acre. It is fuggeded, however, 
that thefe proportions diould be varied, in the quantity 
of a peck to the acre, according to the quality of the feed, 
and the richnefs of the land. It is remarked alfo,. that in 
refpedt to wheat and barley, the didance of the row's and 
the quantity of feed mud greatly depend on the quality 
of the foil. Where it is poor, the didance betw'een the 
rows lhould not be more than about eight inches, nor the 
quantity of feed more than about nine pecks, being depo- 
dted to the depth of two inches and a half. If of a mid¬ 
dling-quality, the diltance between the rows may be about 
nine inches, and the proportion of feed eight pecks ; and 
where it is rich, the didance of the rows diould not ever 
exceed ten inches, with a quantity of feed of about leven 
pecks. In the fowing of turnips, rape, &c. on the poorer 
forts of foils adapted to them, ten inches are found to be 
the propered didance, and on thofe of the richer defcrip- 
tion, twelve.- When they are fown at greater didances, 
they are apt to grow too luxuriant for keeping any great 
length of time. If fown at a wider didance, which may, 
notwithdanding, be proper on fuch foils as are particular¬ 
ly rich, they diould be eaten off before the feveritv of 
wdnter fets in, as large turnips are very liable to be de- 
droyed by frods. In the putting in of carrot-crops by 
the drill, fourteen inches between the rows-is recommend¬ 
ed as the mod proper didance, the land being diglitiy 
harrowed over after the drilling is finidied. 
Of NATURAL and ARTIFICIAL GRASSES. 
Under the article Grass, in our Eighth Volume, we 
have, enumerated thofe lpeoies. which are highly lifeful for 
the improvement of meadows and padure-lands, and for 
fweetening and enlarging the crops of hay. Our atten¬ 
tion will now be directed to thofe grades which, from 
their great ihcculence, and early dilpodtion to vegetation, 
are found fo valuable in providing a fupply of fpring- 
food for ewes and lambs, and other rearing-cattle. Thefe 
have been judicioufly felected by experienced agricultu- 
ralifts, and may he arranged in the following order: 
W HITE Clover.— This is one of the mod valuable of 
the graffe?, where a flock of fneep is kept. It will douriOi 
on dry, fandy, and loamy, foils, as well as in the clayey 
and peaty lands, where they have been well drained from 
mpidure; but on the wet arid poor loamy and clayey 
lands, it is not by any means fo proper or ufefu), as it is 
not lading, but gives place to aquatic weeds, and fooii. 
dies. It is erroneoudy fuppofed by feme not to afford fo 
fweet a herbage as broad clover ; the eagernefs with which 
it is fed upon both by flieep and other cattle, and the 
proof they make upon it, confirms its great utility. That 
which comes up naturally by the application of manure, 
is,laid to be much more hardy than that which is fown, 
as well as more lading in the foil. It has been judly re¬ 
marked, as a proof of good land, that it runs quickly, of 
its own accord, to this plant. It may be introduced with 
mod forts of feeds, and, contributes greatly to the fuccefs 
of the bieep-farmer.—For the natural, hibory and bed: 
modes of cultivation of this grafs, fee the article Trifo¬ 
lium repens,, in this Encyclopaedia. 
Cow-Grass.- —This is alio called by fome farmers 
marl-grafs, and affords a very luxuriant, herbage. It is 
faid to be a more lading plant than the common red clo¬ 
ver. On clayey foils and loamy ones of the dronger kind, 
it is found to fucceed to the greated certainty ; and its 
cultivation has been attempted on thofe of the fandy de- 
lcription. 
