HUSB 
Fellmongers' cuttings, or podke, ufed in Surrey and Kent, 
and about Dunftable. Composed of Iheep’s-trotters, hair, 
fcra pings of the pelts, lime. See. There are two forts, the 
white-and the brown 5 the white is much the belt, having 
more oil, lime, and hair, in it} but they are both good, 
and go farther in drefling land than almolt any manure, 
in the proportion of four to one. About Dunftable the 
price is 6d. a bufliel, and they ufe from twenty to forty 
bulhels an acre. 
Furriers' dippings, bought in London at 12s. or 13s. the 
quarter, weighing about two hundred weight and a half. 
They are fown by hand from the feed-fcuttle on land in¬ 
tended for wheat or barley, and immediately ploughed in; 
the pieces that are left above ground are pricked in by a 
itick, to prevent their being devoured by dogs or crows. 
From two to three quarters are ufed on a ftatute-acre. 
They anfwer well on light dry chalk or gravelly foils, 
where they hold moifture, and help the crop greatly in 
dry feafons. 
Greaves, or the reftduum which is left after the making 
of candles, is a fubftance that poflefles great powers, when 
employed as a manure; and, although it is a fubftance 
which is generally procured at a high price, yet, from its 
going a great way, and being a lafting manure, it may 
probably be more frequently had recourfe to than has hi¬ 
therto been the cafe. It is moftly procured in the ftate 
of hard compreffed fquare cakes, though fometimes in a 
foft condition without having undergone any preffure. 
When in the former ftate, the cakes mull be broken down 
and reduced into as great a ftate of divifion as poftible, 
which may be rather a troublefome and expenfive pro- 
cefs, except a mill, or fome proper machine for the pur- 
pole, be employed. But when it has been even reduced 
to the lineft ftate poftible, it will ftill be improper for ap¬ 
plication as a manure, until it has been mixed and incor¬ 
porated with three or four parts of good vegetable mould, 
according to the condition of the land, to one of the 
greaves, and then fown as a top-drefling on grafs-land, 
where it has never failed to produce a full crop of hay, 
confiderably greater than that by the, ufual dreffings of 
dung, and a rich fweet after-grafs, or fuch as cattle were 
remarkably fond of feeding upon. 
Dr. Wilkinfon, of Enfield, found greaves very power¬ 
ful and durable in their effeCls. From one ton to a ton 
and a half, he confiders as lufficient for an acre, accord¬ 
ing to the ftate of the land. They are, he conceives, pe¬ 
culiarly adapted to promote the growth of grafs, turnips, 
and the leguminous plants. Eight acres of pebbly loam 
were, he remarks, manured with dung, at the rate of ten 
loads of the common Middlefex carts per acre, except one 
acre of the pooreft and molt gravelly, which was drefled 
with a ton and a half of greaves. The turnips where the 
greaves were fpread, and the fucceeding barley, (which 
were the crops on the whole piece,) were thicker and 
more vigorous than where common dung had been laid. 
He has obferved grafs rendered To rank by the ufe of 
greaves as a manure, that cattle would not touch it till 
/ mellowed by the winter’s frolt; and even in the fucceed¬ 
ing year he was able to trace, by the fuperior verdure of 
the grafs, to what extent this manure had been fpread. 
The fame gentleman alfo ufed with fuccefs falted-fifli, 
and particularly herrings, which had been fpoiled on fhip- 
board, and found them equal to the greaves. In the fame 
manner he ufed falted-meat that had become putrid on a 
long voyage. His general mode of application has, he 
fays, been to mix them with mould railed from the head¬ 
lands of the field where they were intended to be fpread. 
By letting them lie for fome time, the earth imbibes the 
llrong fmell and virtues of the animal manure. Over thefe 
he fpread, with advantage, the liquor drawn from the 
greaves, and the walhings of the calks of falt-meat w'hich 
had been fpoiled. When lprinkled immediately over 
grafs in the fpring, he has alfo obferved this liquor at¬ 
tended with confiderable efficacy in producing a plentiful 
crop of hay. 
Voi.. X. No. 684. 
ANDR Y. 5f> i 
In the year 1800, he fays, he ufed with fuccefs a com¬ 
bination of lime and greaves, mixed with mould from the 
headlands, in the proportion of about fifty bufhels of lime 
to a ton of greaves. This compofition, he obferves, re- 
lembles fugar-feum, which coniifts of lime and bullocks’ 
blood. 
From the large experience which he has had of the bene*- 
fits arifing from fugar-feum, he thinks this combination of 
lime and animal matter deferves further inveftigation. 
Upon the whole we may conclude, that, of all manures, ani¬ 
mal fubftances, when well digefted and putrified, are the 
molt powerful promoters of vegetation. In this ftate al- 
moft the whole becomes volatile, and is fo far attenuated, 
fubtilized, and refined, as to be rendered capable of enter¬ 
ing the veftels of the minuteft plants. Inibmuch that it. 
appears to fome, that, as the animal kingdom is lupported 
by the vegetable, fo the vegetable is by the animal ; and 
that each is reciprocally the fupport of, and is lupported 
by, the other. 
Vegetable Substances.— Vegetable, as well as ani¬ 
mal, fubftances, when deprived of their vital principle, ar 
life, are loon rendered fit, by the feparation, reduction, 
and ultimate decompofition, of their conllituent princi¬ 
ples, for the nouriftiment and fupport of new plants. In 
this procefts, which we have already feen to be greatly 
promoted in all kinds of fubftances by the materials being 
expoled to the free influence or agency of atmofpheric 
air, moifture, and a middling degree of heat, various 
matters are let at liberty, by which different new combi- 
nations*take place, that are capable of promoting vegeta¬ 
tion in different degrees, and upon which their utility as 
manures, perhaps, chiefly depends. 
In vegetable productions the changes are, however, lefs 
rapid than in thole of the animal kind, and probably 
much more varied, according to the various Hates and 
textures of the particular fubftances ; for it is obvious, 
from numerous facts and circumftances, that the more 
luxuriant and juicy vegetables are much more readily de- 
compoled than fuch as are dry, and have a ligneous Itruc- 
ture. Hence it is, that frelli vegetable matters are much 
more quickly converted to that ftate of decay which is 
fuitable for the fupplying of vegetable nouriftiment, than 
fuch as ftraw, hay, wood, and other dry materials of the 
lame nature. It l'eems likewife probable, that fome ve¬ 
getable matters may yield fome of the fubftances that are 
taken up by the ablorbent roots of vegetables in much 
larger proportions than others ; as it has been found that 
different lorts of grain vary confiderably in the propor¬ 
tions of mucilaginous and what is termed vegeto-annnad 
matter, which they contain ; and that grain, potatoes, 
carrots, and many other roots of the fame kind, on being 
conlumed in the open air, afford much larger quantities 
of alkaline falls than hay, ftraw, or wood. It is undoubt¬ 
edly from thefe and fitnilar caufes, that fome forts of ve¬ 
getable matters, when reduced by means of putrefaction, 
are found to be fo much more effectual as manures than 
others,'when applied under the fame circumftances, and 
to foils in every refpeCl fimilar. There is alfo another 
circumftance which i'eems neceffary to be attended to in 
fubftances of this clafs, which is, that in general, when 
relblved by the ultimate procefs of putrefaction, they 
yield larger proportions of earthy materials to the foils 
on which they are depofited, than molt fubftances of the 
animal kind, and confequently add more effectually to 
the ftaple of the land. And as this vegetable mould, or 
earth, from various caufes, is conftantly becoming more 
extenfively and more intimately blended with the other 
materials of the foils, and, of courfe, forming new com¬ 
binations, by which fome of thofe matters which lerve 
for the nutrition of plants are fet at liberty, and brou°ht 
into the ftate moll proper for being ablbrbed by the roots 
of vegetables ; we fee why thofe manures, which are 
principally compofed of vegetable fubftances, are more 
durable in their effeCts than fuch as are prepared from 
many animal materials. 
7 D 
The 
