586 H U S B A 
partially ufeful, and therefore the fagacibus agriculturift 
will be efpecially careful, among fo many highly-praifed 
inventions, how he lays out his money for utenfils that 
might be of no ufe to him when he has them. We (hall 
therefore avoid recounting thofe of the nature we have 
been mentioning, and delcribe and figure fuch only as 
appear to be projected on the moll: rational principles, 
calculated to work upon the generality of lolls, and thence 
become of more extenfive utility. 
Of PLOUGHS. 
Sussex improved Plough. —This is a two-wheeled 
plough, calculated to work with a pair of horfes only, and 
no driver. The ploughman takes the hories in reins, and 
drives him fell; in which manner he will plough up an 
acre a day, in a deep and workman-like manner. This of 
courfe mult be on fandy or light loamy foils; but with 
an additional horfe and a driver, the plough will aft with 
great facility in the deepeil foils, producing more w'ork 
in a given time than the farmer can in general get per¬ 
formed. See a correct delineation of this plough in the 
Hufbandry Plate IV. fig. i. 
Rotherham Plough. —This is recommended for the 
facility of its work, and fimple conftruftion. It is deli¬ 
neated in the Engraving at fig. 2. A B is the beam, C D 
the fheath, E B D the main handle, F R the fmaller han¬ 
dle, GH the coulter, KI the lock or fhare, NP the bri¬ 
dle, S the fly-band, and MLa piece of wood in place of 
a head. The principal difference between this and the 
common plough confiffs in the bridle at the end of the 
the beam, by which the ploughman can give the plough 
more or lefs land by notches at N, or make it cut deeper 
or fliallower by the holes at P; in the coulter or fhare, 
which is fo made and fet as to cut off the new furrow 
without tearing; and in the mould-board, which is fo 
fhaped as firft to raife a little, and then gradually turn 
over the new-cut furrow with very little reiiltance. This 
plough has lately been improved by Mr. Cook. 
Chain-Plough.— -This is principally ufed in the north¬ 
ern parts of the kingdom. From the fhortnefs of its 
head and mould-board, friflion is confiderably leffened, 
being only thirty inches from the point of the fock 
to the hind part of the head, and about eight feet from 
the point of the beam to the end of the handles. The 
fock and mould-board form a gently curving line, which 
prevents the gathering of earth. It is calculated fo as to 
make a wide furrow without leaving any part unftirred. 
It is termed the chain-plough, from its being drawn by an 
iron chain fixed to the back part of the beam juft before 
the coulter. This produces two advantages; which are, 
that by means of a muzzle it makes the plough go deeper 
or fhallower, and caufes lefs ftrefs on the beam than if it 
were fixed at the end. This plough is proper for loams, 
coarfe clays, and thofe foils which are free from ftones. 
It may alfo be employed for breaking-up pafture-grounds, 
which have formerly been well cultivated. Shown in the 
Engraving at fig. 3. 
Double, or two-furrow Wheel-Plough, deline¬ 
ated in the Engraving at fig. 4. It was originally in¬ 
vented by Mr. Duckett; but has been brought to its pre- 
fent improved ftate by lord Somerville. The chief and 
moll important improvement relates to the mould-board, 
fome parts of which were formerly cut off, and the defi¬ 
ciency l’upplied by driving in wedges, to the confequent 
injury of the mould-plate. As this expedient, however, 
was attended with much trouble, it was generally omit¬ 
ted ; and, conit quently, th* land imperfedtly ploughed. 
With a view to remedy this inconvenience, lord Somer¬ 
ville propofed, inftead of wedges, after the parts were cut 
off, to connebl them again with the fixed part of the 
board by means of flat hinges, or of thin flexible plates 
of hard-hammered iron ; lo that thofe parts may be eafily 
fet to have different inclinations with fuch fixed part, by 
the aid of two ferews that pafs from the infide through 
the lower parts of the handle of the plough, oppolite to 
N D R Y. 
the backs of the moveable pieces, A A. The ferews, he 
obferves, may be fo regulated as to keep fuch pieces at 
any degree of inclination that may be required, accord¬ 
ing to the nature of the land intended to be broken-up* 
The plough is bell adapted to light and level foils, parti¬ 
cularly for ltirring lay-grounds ; and, as thefe cannot be 
laid too flat, or feed-earths be turned too much on an 
edge, the plough may be adapted to either purpofe with 
the utmoft facility, by this improvement of the mould- 
board. When the moveable parts, above alluded to, are 
ferewed outwards, a proportionate convexity or elevation, 
will be left at the bafe of the furrow ; and thus more 
earth will be expofed for covering the feed. As the part 
of the mould-plate, marked with the dotted lines C C, is 
moft liable to Wear off by repeated friffion, lord Somer¬ 
ville direfls it to be made twice as thick as the other 
parts of the plate ; viz. double the thicknefs of a new 
crown-piece, or about one-fourth of an inch; in which 
cafe it will remain unimpaired nearly as long as the 
whole of the machinery. 
Lord Somerville obierves, that the principle of this 
moveable plate may not at firft catch the attention of 
every obferver; but it deferves to be generally adopted, 
and has indeed met with ftrong advocates in ploughmen ; 
for it not only relieves their right arm of confiderable la¬ 
bour, that mull otherwife be performed in wedging and 
hammering mould-plates ; but much exertion is alfo 
faved to the right leg, in attempting to tread thofe fur¬ 
rows flat, which had been left on an edge by the plough. 
Thefe plates alfo qualify the plough for all broad work, 
and particularly breaking-up lays, which it performs 
with extraordinary facility. A trial was made at Kew, 
on his majefty’s farm, in confequence of a challenge given 
to lord Somerville. The quantity of land, till then in a 
ftate of nature, amounted to 17^ ftatute-acres, and was 
worked by this implement, four Devonfnire oxen (fix 
years old), and a man, with a boy as driver, in fix days 
and four hours. The cattle were in good condition when 
they commenced the talk ; after the accompliihment of 
which, they appeared in better order than before. They 
were allowed no corn ; confumed every day, upon an 
average, about ^.olbs. of hay, during their continuance at 
Kew; and worked eight hours each day including half 
an hour for bait. The land thus ploughed was viewed 
by many gentlemen and able agriculturills, who highly 
approved of it. Since which this plough has been intro¬ 
duced into moft of the midland counties, where it is em¬ 
ployed with five horfes and one man, in tolerably level 
foil, which it divides as effectually as two Angle ploughs. 
It is alfo ufed, together with the Angle wheel plough, in 
Staffordlhire, as it requires only a lad to drive the horfes, 
and to turn the plough at the end of the furrow. For 
breaking up the turf, an iron flay is ferewed to the coul¬ 
ter; by which the fward is cut off, and turned into the 
furrow, fo as to be covered with earth. Thus, by the aid 
of an additional horfe, the foil will refemble a fallow, and 
may be harrowed with equal facility. 
Turner’s Water-furrow Plough. —This is cor¬ 
rectly reprefented at fig. 5. A is the iron at the end of 
the beam, to which the horfes are hooked ; BB the beam; 
W W a ftrong piece of wood, denominated by the in¬ 
ventor a wing, that projects in the middle; and in which 
one of the coulters C, is fixed. This piece of timber is 
faltened by means of long ferews palling through to the 
oppofite fide, where they connect another wing, contain¬ 
ing a fecond coulter likewife marked with the letter C. 
Thefe two coulters are placed in a parallel direction, and 
are both ftrengthened with a piece of iron, called th ejhiy, 
one end of which is fixed about two inches beneath tlte 
wing, and the other is inferted in the wing itfelf. F re- 
prefents the whole ftay of the coulter C ; and /delineates 
part of the other coulter C. T denotes part of the 
drock, a piece of wood that forms the lower extrerqity of 
the plough ; and which is about fix inches in width, 
three in depth, and rather more than two feet in length. 
To 
