HUSB 
To the top of the drock Is fattened an eredl piece of tim¬ 
ber, known by the name of fpindle, M M ; behind which 
are two tails, D d. To the upper end of the fpindle M, 
is fixed the beam B, the end of which is fattened between 
the tails by means of an iron pin; P I and PR, are two 
(helve-boards, combined with the drock and fpindle; and 
which meet at the angular point P. The ends of both 
thefe boards are ftrengthened by means of a fiiort wooden 
ftay that is fixed in them, as well as in the tails. K is a 
coulter fattened to the plough-fliare S, and which is bent 
at the end, in order that it may be more eafily admitted 
through a hole in the beam, behind the two coulters C C, 
when the (hare is put on the end of the drock. 
The objeft of this invention is the formation of fmall 
gutters in meadow, pafture, or arable land, with a view 
to carry oft' water. The mod eft'edlual method of work¬ 
ing it is, in the opinion of its inventor, to fatten a chain 
round the axle-tree of a pair of cart-wheels (the body of 
which has been taken off) ; to hook fuch chain to the ear 
A, at the end of the beam ; and, by lengthening or ftiort- 
ening the chain, this plough may be fo regulated as to 
penetrate the foil to a greater or lefs depth, according to 
the nature of the ground. When the plough is at work, 
the fore-coulters C C, cut the outfide of the gutter. K, 
the coulter, divides the ground exaftly in the middle ; 
the further Ihelve-board throws out half the foil on one 
fide, while the near flielve-board removes the other half 
to the oppofite fide ; and thus a complete gutter is left, 
which extends from eight to ten inches in width, and is 
from fix to eight inches deep. One of the molt impor¬ 
tant advantages refuiting from this invention, is the lav¬ 
ing in manual labour, which is computed at three-fourths; 
as four hundred perches of land may thus be furface- 
drained in onp day, by a team of five liorfes, two drivers, 
and a holder; the expence of which, the inventor calcu¬ 
lates at 16s. whereas, if the fame quantity of land were to 
be dug by hand, the coft will amount to 3I. 6s. 8d. 
This plough may alfo be applied to another valuable 
branch of agriculture ; namely, the planting of potatoes. 
The method is as follows: Firlt, trenches are made with 
the plough at the diftance of about two feet from each 
other, in which the potatoes are fet. Some manure is 
next fpread on them ir, the trenches, and they are covered 
by drawing the plough through the intermediate lpaces ; 
fo that each trench is filled by a ridge of foil. When 
the growing potatoes require an additional covering of 
mould, the weeds are previoufiy cut, either by a hoe or 
weeding-hook ; and, the two fore-coulters being taken off 
the plough, the implement is drawn between the ridges ; 
it throws up an additional portion of foil upon them; 
and thus expeditiouily effects the operation of earth¬ 
ing-up. 
Paring Plough, is an inttrument ufed for paring off 
the furface of the ground, in order to its being burned, 
&c. From A to A, fig.6, is the plough-beam, fcven feet 
long, mortified and pinioned into the block B. CC are 
the (heaths or ltamiards, made fiat on the inftde, to.clofe 
equally with the paring-plate, and fattened to it with a 
bolt and key n each fide, as at D. E is the paring-plate 
of iron laid with lteel, about four inches wide, and from 
twelve to eighteen inches long. F F, two iron braces to 
keep the ftandards from giving way. G G, the plough 
handles, which mutt be fixed Hope-ways between the beam 
and the ftandards. The ufe of the pin holes in the beam, 
is to make this plough cut more or lefs deep, as occafion 
may require, by fixing the wheels nearer to, or farther 
from, the paring-plate. 
Cartwright’s three-furrow Plough. —This is 
calculated to do the work of three ploughs, in light fandy 
lands, with only two liorfes and one man, ariling from its 
fuperiority of conftruCtion, and great lightnefs in hand. 
This the Rev. Mr. Cartwright accounts for in the follow¬ 
ing manner: “ It is a fail well known, that in the aftion 
of a common plough, a very material part of the labour 
in ploughing, ariles from the friction of the land-Jde and 
A N D R Y. 587 
the foie-, of the one againft the fide of the furrow, of the 
other againft the bottom. In a fingle plough a certain 
length and width are required in thole parts of it, to 
make it go fteady ; and even then the effedt would be im~ 
perfedlly obtained, did not the ploughman alfift by the 
leverage of the handles of the plough. Hence it is clear, 
that the lefs difpofition any plough has to follow the 
draught in a ftraight line, the greater is the labour of 
working it, becaufe the ploughman in that cafe is to 
exert a greater power of leverage to keep it fteady. On 
the contrary, when two, three, or more ploughs, are com¬ 
bined, they ferve to fteady each other, and require com¬ 
paratively very little power of the lever to keep them in 
a ftraight line. Under thefe circumftances, neitherthe firft 
nor fecond plough has any foie or land-lide whatever; 
and even the third does not require fo much of either as 
a fingle plough. I calculate the faving of power front 
this coniideration alone, as equal at leaft to one plough. 
What farther power is faved, I attribute to the light¬ 
nefs and compadtnefs of the inttrument. The plough 
will be found particularly valuable at feed-times, and in 
the turnip-feafon ; becaufe at thofe times it too frequently 
happens that we lofe the molt favourable opportunities, 
for want of ftrength to prepare the land with fufficient 
difipatch.” The Society of Arts, &c. prefented Mr, 
Cartwright with their filver medal for this ufeful in¬ 
vention ; which is correftly delineated in the Engraving 
at fig. 7. A B, the two wheels of the plough, the wheel 
B being full one-feventh in diameter larger th,an the 
wheel A. C D E, the three beams of the plough, of 
which C is the (horteft, and E the longeft: thefe beams 
are fixed in the ftrong crofs-piece F, at equal diftances 
from each other, and braced by another crofs-piece from 
C to E. G H I, the three cutters 'which anfwer the pur- 
pofe of both coulter and mould-board, each being formed 
together, or made of one piece of beaten iron. Each cut¬ 
ter is fcrewed to its beam by the flanging-iron K. L M, 
the two handles of the plough, the lower extremities of 
which are fixed in the two outer beams C E, and con- 
lieffied by a crofs-piece N, to make them firmer. The 
handle L is longer than the handle M, in the lame pro-, 
portion as the beam C is (horter than the beam E. OP, 
two upright pieces of iron fixed in the crofs-piece F, 
having two holes at tlieir firmmits for the reins to pafs 
through which guide the horl'es. S, an iron bar which 
Hides up and down near one end of the crofs-piece F, to 
raife or lower the wheel A. 
Fig. 8, (hows a detached portion of the ftrong crofs- 
piece F, of Mr. Cartwright’s plough, to explain the man¬ 
ner in which the whipple-tree (liifts, R, are fixed in front 
of that crofs-piece, fo as to regulate or equalize the power 
of the liorfes. S, a bar of iron, the lower part of which 
forms the axis of the wheel A ; the upper part Hides in a 
•groove in the crofs-piece F, and has holes at different 
diftances. It may be retained at any height by an iron 
pin T, which paifes through the crofs-piece, and one of 
the . holes of the iron bar. The plough in its dimenfions 
is nine feet long to the extremity of the handles, and each 
cutter turns a nine-inch furrow; from centre to centre 
of the beams being nine inches. 
For the moft approved conftruflion of the Draining 
Plough, with the accompanying apparatus, for draining 
wet, rotten, and boggy, ground, fee the article Draining, 
vol. vi. p. 62. 
Of DRILLING and SOWING MACHINES. 
We have already, under the-article Sowing, p. 54.7 of 
this volume, defcribed the mechanifm of the drilling, ma¬ 
chine, and its general propei ties and utility ; we fliall 
therefore in this place dsfcribe and figure fueli of. the 
machines as are found moft generally ufeful to the prac¬ 
tical farmer, in foils where they are capable of being 
applied. 
Hand Drill for Pease. —This ufeful machine is the 
invention of Mr. Robert. Green, of Weltwratting, in 
Cambridgeihire. 
