HUSB 
horfes, fwin'e, and other animalsand alfo inftruments 
for cutting itraw into chaff. 
On the neceflity of employing machines of this kind, 
it is remarked by an able writer, that it is the only me¬ 
thod left for having the corn cleanly and properly 
thrafhed. They are fia quick in the work, that the whole 
may be done under the eye of the mailer, and the corn 
lecured in the granary without the leaft pilfering. The 
laving by this means of thralhing, in the 1 extra quantity 
of corn procured, and the fecurity againft having the corn 
llolen in the chaff, it is alferted, amounts to an advantage 
in favour of the mills of about ten per cent, on the corn- 
crops ; in' lome cafes, to one fhilling a bulhel’on wheat, 
and very generally to twenty (hillings an acre on the 
wheat-crops. This machine has undoubtedly many ad¬ 
vantages over the flail, as well as thofe of faving time and 
hands; as in thralhing damp con 1 !, not capable of being 
fully accomplifhed in any other way, efpecially in wet fea- 
l'ons; and with fmutty wheat, which is thrafhed by it 
without any mifcliief being done to the found grain, the 
Jrnut not being cruflied comes out whole, and is blown 
away with the chaff. 
The principal objections that have been made to thefe 
machines, are the great expence of erefting and uling 
them, their tendency to diniinilh the labour of the poor, 
and their affording too great a fupply of Itraw at a time. 
Thefe objections are however of little confequence, when 
the general utility and advantages of fuch machines are con- 
fidered ; befides,-the latter are either fuch as have nothing to 
be apprehended from them, or as may be readily obviated. 
The difficulty in regard to the Itraw may be eafily re¬ 
moved, by having it properly Itacked-up or cut irito chaff. 
In the Hufbandry Plate X. are given correct views of 
the*? machines. Fig. i repfefents a thrafhing-machine 
on a moderate fcale, worked by a Angle horfe : it may 
be ereCte-d at the expence of about from thirty to forty 
pounds, and will prove of confiderable utility and profit 
to the middling farmer. 
Fig. 2 reprelents a thrafhing-mill, on a larger conftruc- 
tion, which is worked by water. B B is a horizontal 
bpard or table, five feet long by three feet four inches 
broad, oil which the corn CC is evenly fpread, and pre- 
fented to the call-metal fluted rollers RR, which take it 
regularly in, and by their weight and lharp edges hold 
fall the Itraw while it is Itruck or thrafhed out by the 
pieces of wood SSSS, fixed in the cylinder DD, and pro¬ 
jecting three inches from its furface. This cylinder is 
made with ftrong arms, on which are fixed the pieces of 
wood, and cafed round with narrow inch-deals ; the whole 
fecured from flying off by ftrong iron hoops lurrounding 
them at each end; the former are covered with plate-iron, 
to prevent their wearing. Thefe, when they ftrike the 
corn, move in an upward direction, RE, with great velo¬ 
city, and throw the corn as it is thrafhed, and the draw as 
it leaves the fluted rollers, againft the circular rake KK, 
and upon the wire-flcreen G, from whence the draw is 
taken by the rake, and delivered upon the doping board 
L, down which it; Aides to the floor N, while the corn 
paffes through the fkreen G into the hopper H, and from 
thence to the inclined board I; but in falling from H to I 
a ftrong current of air, raifed by the fanners F F F, blows 
the chaff over the doping board O, and the light corn 
againft it, which-falls into the fpace P, and the chaff into 
M, while the good grain Aides down the inclined board 
11 , to the floor at Q, from whence it is tak.cn and put into 
a fecond winnowing-machine, in which are placed pro¬ 
per riddles to fuit different kinds of grain. This fecond 
machine is moved by a rope going over a pulley, fixed in 
the axle T, and is fet a-going or flopped at pleafure, by 
a ftretching-pulley, as occafion may require. 
But, where the fituation will admit of the board 11 be¬ 
ing placed about four feet from the floor, the fecond win¬ 
nowing-machine may be placed direftly under it, and 
lave the trouble of lifting the corn. The whole is put in 
motion by an overfhot water-wheel fourteen feet diarne- 
V<tL. X. No. di 5 7. 
ANDR Y. t-91 
ter, which makes from five to fix revolutions per minute; 
according to the fupply of water; on the, axle of this wa¬ 
ter-wheel is fixed a large fpur-wheel A, of 160 cogs, (152.-} 
inches' diameter,) which drives a cafl-metal pinion b , of 
16 cogs, (i5 - 28 inches diameter,) on the axis of which is 
placed another fpur-wheel c, of 63 cogs, (6o'i inches di¬ 
ameter,) that drives the cafl-metal pinion d, of 16 leaves, 
(i'5'2S inches diameter,) on the axis of which is fixed the 
cylinder DD, (four feet diameter, and five feet long,) with 
the four projecting pieces of wood, SS'SS, that thrafli the 
corn as defcribed above. The large fpur-wheel a alfo 
drives the light cog-wheel e, of 63 cogs, (fio-i inches di¬ 
ameter,) fixed at the axis kl of the rake for taking away 
the ftraw. 
The rollers are moved by the pinion b, of 16 leaves, 
working into the flight caft-metal wheel f, fixed on the 
iron axis ii of the lower roller, on which axis is alfo fixed 
a fmall pinion g, of 8 leaves, working into another, //, of 
equal number, fixed on the axis of the upper roller, which 
gives the two rollers an equable motion for taking in 
the corn. This axis is fixed into the upper roller, by 
an univerfal joint, or with a fquare tapering end, to al¬ 
low the upper roller to rile and fall, according as the corn 
is fed-in thicker or thinner; and the concave hoard RE 
is hung on a bolt, to allow it to rife and fall with the 
roller. 
When the-rollers are required to move fwifter or flower, 
they may be driven very conveniently from the end of 
the axle of the rake, by fixing a call-metal faced wheel on 
it, with three rows of cogs, (8, 10, and 13,) working 
into a fhifting pinion of 8 leaves, fixed on an iron-axle; 
at the other end of which is put a fmall bevel-wheel of 
twelve teeth, working into another of eight teeth on the 
end of the axle of the lower roller. The fanners are moved 
by a eroded rope, palling over a pulley T, 10 inches di¬ 
ameter, fixed on the axis of the cylinder, and another, V, 
of 8 inches diameter, on the axis of the fanners. The 
rollers take in nearly 300 inches of corn per minute with 
a medium quantity of water. 
The publications on Hufbandry have of date been fo 
extremely voluminous, that it is impoffible for men of 
bufinefs to fpare time to read a twentieth part of them.— 
Thofe in molt repute are, the Agricultural Works of Mr. 
Secretary Young ; Middleton’s View of the Agriculture 
of Middlefex; Marfhall’s Rural Economy; Donaldfon’s 
Modern Agriculture; Dr. Anderfon’s Efiays, and Recre¬ 
ations, in Agriculture ; Bannifter’s Syhopfis of Hufban¬ 
dry ; Dr. Darwin’s Phytologia, Tull’s Syftem of Drill and 
Horfe-hoeing Hufbandry; Manning on the Culture of 
Turnips; Amos on Drill-Hufbandry; Gentleman Far¬ 
mer, &c. &c. But the belt modern work in this depart¬ 
ment of fcience, and wherein the obfervations and expe¬ 
riments of 1110ft other authors are judicioyfly confidered 
and appreciated, is Dr. Dickfon’s Practical Hufbandry, 
lately publiflied in 2 vols. ^to. which highly merits the 
attentive perufal of every country gentleman and farmer, 
whether partially or extenfively engaged in agricultural 
purfuits. 
The Board of Agriculture was eftabliflied in 1793 ; and 
to that inftitution we are indebted for moil of the above 
valuable works, befides the various “Agricultural Re¬ 
ports” of counties which are in regular courfe of publi¬ 
cation under the direction of the Board. We (hall there¬ 
fore conclude this article.with the fubltance of a LeCture 
read before the Board by their fecretary, Mr. Arthur 
Young, in the prefent year 1810, on the advantages al¬ 
ready derived from an inftitution which we hope will 
long continue to flourifli. 
After obferving, in the introductory part of his leCture, 
that the theory of this eitablifhment was, that of concen¬ 
trating in a focus the knowledge, talents, and abilities, 
which were fcattered, in men of a certain rank through 
the kingdom, Mr. Young proceeds to detail its more 
immediate practical purpofes, and its aCtual benefits. 
As a board of reference, to receive requifitions for in- 
7 N formation 
