640 HYOS 
from Atropa, wherein Scopoli had put it in the fir ft edi¬ 
tion of his Flora Carniolica; and from Hyoi'cyatnus ; made 
a new genus of it under the name of Scopola, from Giov. 
Ant. Scopoli, phyfician at Idria, and afterwards profef- 
for at Pavia ; but he with lingular modefty declined the 
honour in the following words : “ Veruntamen merita 
mea in re herbaria non ea effe fateor, quse me viris illis 
adnumerare queant, quorum cognomina novis plantarum 
generibus data fuerunt. Alii funt his honoribus longe 
digniores.” Had only fuch received this honour, the 
names of plants of this fort would have been very few. 
Modern botanifts, however, have agreed to c.onfider this 
plant as a fpecies of Hyofcyamus ; and it {has been re- 
ferved to Dr. Smith to name a plant from this amiable and 
fkilful naturalift. 
Propagation and Culture. All thefe are biennial plants, 
which perifh loon after they have perfefted their feeds. 
They flower in June and July, and their feeds ripen in 
the autumn, which, if permitted to fcatter, will produce 
plenty of the plants the following fpring 5 or if the feeds 
are fown at that feafon, they will fucceed much better 
than in the fpring ; for, when they are fown in fpring, 
the plants feldom come up the fame year. They are all 
hardy except the fecond fort, and require no other culture 
but to keep them clean from w'eeds, and thin the plants 
where they are too clofe. The fecond fort ftiould have a 
warm fituation and a dry foil, in which it will live much 
better through the winter than in rich ground. The 
fourth fort is a perennial plant. If the feeds are fown in 
pots as foon as they are ripe, and placed under a hot-bed 
frame in winter, the plants will come up in the fpring ; 
but, if they are kept out of the ground till the fpring, 
they rarely fucceed. This fort will continue feveral years, 
if it be kept in pots and ftieltered in winter, for it will 
not live in the open air at that feal'on, but only requires 
to be protected from froft ; therefore, if thefe plants are 
placed under a common hot-bed in winter, where they 
may enjoy as much free air as poflible in mild weather, 
they will thrive better than w'hen they are more tenderly 
treated. This fort may be eafily propagated by cuttings, 
which, if planted in a ftiady border during any of the 
fummer-months, will take root in five or fix weeks, and 
may be afterwards planted in pots, and treated like the 
old plants. See Oenothera and Pedalium. 
HYOS'ERIS, f [vo; <rsg«?, Gr. fwine’s lettuce, or fnc- 
cory, Linn.] Yellow Eye; in botany, a genus of the 
clals fyngenefia, order polygamia aequalis, natural order 
of compofitas femiflofculofi, (cichoraceae, Jujf.') The ge¬ 
neric characters are—Calyx : common cylindric-angular, 
confiding of about eight leaves, permanent; fcales lanceo¬ 
late, ereCt, acute, llightly keeled, equal; calycled at the 
bafe with fewer very Ihort dole fcales. Corolla: com¬ 
pound, fubimbricate, uniform ; compofed of many her¬ 
maphrodite corollets; proper, one-petalled, ligulate, li¬ 
near, truncate, five-toothed. Stamina : filaments live, ca¬ 
pillary, very ftiort; antherae cylindrical, tabular. Piltil- 
lam : germ oblong ; ftyle filiform, the length of the fta- 
mens 5 ftigmas two, reflex. Pericarpium : none ; the com¬ 
mon calyx clofe or fpreading. Seeds: folitary, oblong, 
mepibranaceous, ftreaked on one fide along the middle, 
almoft the length of the calyx.-— EJfcntial Charader. Calyx 
almoft equal; down hairy and calycled ; receptacle naked. 
Species. I. Stem naked. 1. Hyoferis foetida, or flunk¬ 
ing hyoferis: fcapes one-flowered, leaves pinnatifid, feeds 
naked. Root perennial, Angle, cylindrical, thick, woody, 
fetid. Leaves radical, fmooth, pinnatifid or runcinate, 
cut into feveral triangular fegments, which are almoft 
equal and regular, fometimes having a few teeth on the 
hinder fide, terminated, as well as the fegments them- 
felves, by an herbaceous fpinule ; nerve hairy. From the 
centre of thefe fpring from fix to ten fimple naked flow- 
ering-ftalks or, fcapes, a little longer than the leaves, each 
terminated by a middle-fized flower, yellow above, and 
red beneath. Seeds naked, yellowifli, fomewhat viHofe* 
ERIS. 
receptacle villofe, flat. The whole plant has a disagreeable 
fmell: it has much refemblance to dandelion, but the 
flower is fmaller, and of a deeper yellow colour. Native 
of the mountains of Italy, Dauphiny, Carniola, and Swif- 
ferland. Introduced in 1775, by Drs. Pitcairn and Fo- 
thergill. It flowers in July. 
а. Hyoferis radiata, or ftarry hyoferis : fcapes one- 
flowered, leaves fmooth, runcinated, with toothed angles, 
laciniated at top. Native of the fouth of France, the 
county of Nice on hills near the coaft, and of Spain. It 
was cultivated here in 1640. Allioni fays it is an annual 
plant; by Linnaeus, and in the Kew catalogue, itis marked 
as perennial. 
3. Hyoferis lucida, or fliining hyoferis : fcapes' one- 
flowered, leaves fomewhat flefliy, runcinate, angular, 
toothed. This refembles the preceding very much, but 
the leaves are thicker, fomewhat flefhy, lucid, and more 
fliortly toothed. According to Vahl, the wild plant 
(which has a very different appearance from the cultivated’ 
one) is very fmooth, a finger’s length in height, with the 
fcape a little longer than the leaves. The fegments of 
thefe are flefliy, oblong,' quite entire, or fometimes, but 
very feldom, having an angle or toothlet on the outfide, 
imbricated, covering the middle of the preceding fegmect, 
terminated by a whitifh dagger-point. In the cultivated 
plant thefe fegments are diftinft or remote from each 
other. Calyx calycled ; fcales ovate, the inner ones lan¬ 
ceolate. Native of the Levant. Introduced in 1770, by 
Monf. Reichard. It flowers from June to Auguft. 
4. Hyoferis fcabra, or rugged hyoferis : fcapes one- 
flowered, leaves rugged, feeds downy. Native of Sicily, 
Nice, Villafranca, See. It is an annual, according to 
Allioni. 
5. Hyoferis Virginica, or Virginian hyoferis: fcapes one- 
flowered, leaves lanceolate, lyrate, fmooth. Native of 
Virginia. 
б. Hyoferis pygmaea, or dwarf hyoferis: fcapes one- 
flowered, leaves fpatulate toothed ciliate, calyxes hairy, 
hairs and cilias forked, down ftiped, feathered. This is 
an annual plant, native of Madeira, flowering in June 
and July. 
7. Hyoferis minima, or leaft hyoferis : ftem divided, 
naked, peduncles thickened. Root annual, fmall but 
woody, with a few rigid fibres. Leaves fpreading in a 
circle, bluntly oval, tapering into the foot-ftalk, toothed 
on the fides, entire at the bafe and fummit, when viewed 
with a glafs flightly hairy, particularly at the margins. 
Stems feveral, fix to nine inches high, naked, round, 
fmooth, reddifh and wiryatthe bottom, green and hollow 
upwards, gradually fwelling for fome diftance below the 
calyx, fometimes fimple, but oftener with one, fometimes 
two, branches ; thefe are alfo rigid and reddilh at the bafe, 
fwelling upwards, and fometimes again branched ; before 
the flowers expand nodding, afterwards ereft. The flo¬ 
rets are truncated, and have commonly five teeth ; thofe 
in the ray are tinged with purple underneath; they amount 
fometimes to feventy-fix in number in one flower. Na¬ 
tive of moft parts of Europe in paltures and corn-fields in 
a fandy foil. In Britain not very common ; about Hamp- 
ton-court and in Teddington-field; Walthamftow, Eft- 
fex; near Perlhore, in Worcefterlhire; near Norwich ; 
near Gamlingay, in Cambridgefliire ; Spratton, in Nor¬ 
thamptonshire ; about Forfar, and between Dundee and 
St. Andrew’s, in Scotland. It flowers in May and June. 
II. Stem leafy. 8. Hyoferis hedypnonis, or branching 
hyoferis: fruits ovate, fmooth, ftem branched. Root an¬ 
nual. Stems branched, weak, and bending at each joint, 
whence fprings one feflile, fmooth; oblong, toothed leaf. 
Flower yellow, fmall, nodding. Native of the fouth of 
Europe. Cultivated in 1683 by Mr. James Sutherland. 
It .flowers in June. 
.9. Hyoferis rhagadioloides, or nipplewort hyoferis: fruits 
ovate, hairy, ftem branched. This alfo is an annual 
plant. Villars fuSpe&s it to be no more than a variety of 
1 the 
