66 5 J AC 
publifhed it in French, under the title of “ Defcription 
du Temple de Solomon, par Jacob Juda Leon, Habitant 
de Middleburgh, dans la Zelande, l’An du Monde 5403,” 
i. e. A. D. 1643. This work he afterwards enlarged and 
improved, and tranflatefl it into Hebrew, and gave it the 
title of Tabnith Hekal, or the Figure of the Temple. It 
was much admired by the learned world; and the duke 
of Brunfwick ordered a Latin verfion of it to be made, 
accompanied with engravings. Jacob added to it, a de- 
fcription of the tabernacle; a treatife concerning the ark 
and the cherubim ; and an expolition of the Plaints, in 
which he undertook to explain the metaphorical expref- 
lions of the Talmud, and which, he faid, coll him no lit¬ 
tle. labour and lludy. 
JA'COB-JOHN, an ingenious Armenian mechanic in 
the feventeenth century, who delerves to have his name 
recorded with honour for the attempt which he made to 
introduce the art of printing into Perfia. He was a na¬ 
tive of Zulpha; and in the year 1641 filled the poft of 
principal of the joiners to the king of Perfia. He was 
the author of numerous ufeful mechanical inventions. 
Having occafion to vifit Europe, he formed fo complete 
an idea of the art of printing, that.upon his return to Is¬ 
pahan he fucceeded in erecting a prefs, and cut himfelf 
the matrices for the necefiary types. With that prefs he 
printed, in Armenian, the Epiltles of St. Paul, and the 
Seven Penitentiary Pfalms. He alio formed the defign of 
printing the whole Bible; but his progrefs alarmed the 
tribe of copyifts, who, by. their cbmplaints that his art 
would prove ruinous to a numerous and indultrious clafs 
of men, found means to excite thole prejudices againil it, 
which obliged him to lay afide his laudable undertaking. 
It is faid that he had not found out the art of making 
good printing ink; but, had he met with no more ferious 
obitacle, his ingenuity would doubtlefs have enabled him 
to lurmount this difficulty. The poll which he held had 
always been filled by a Mahometan ; and he only enjoyed 
it by fpecial privilege, granted to him on account of his 
extraordinary talents. He was frequently folicited by the 
king to embrace the Mahometan faith ; but flip moll 
tempting offers of preferment could not prevail upon him 
to renounce his Chriftian principles. 
JA'COB’s CREEK, an eallern water of Yougniogany 
river, in Welltnoreland county, Pennfylvania. There is a 
carrying-place fix miles welt to Monongahela river, from 
the Youghiogany, oppofite the mouth of this creek. 
JA'COB’s LAD'DER,yi The fame with Greek vale¬ 
rian. See Polemonium. 
JA COB’S STAFF, f. A pilgrim’s flaff. A flaffconceal- 
ing a dagger. A crofs-llaff ; a kind of allrolabe ; which 
fee defcribed and figured under Forestaff, vol. vii. 
p. 568. 
JACOBYE'A, f. in botany. See Arctotis, Athana- 
sia, Cineraria, Conyza, C'otula, Crepis, Erigeron, 
Eupatorium, Inula, Othonna, Pectis, and Senecio. 
JACOBZEAS'TRUM and JACOB^TOI'DES. See Ci¬ 
neraria. 
JACOByE'US (Oliger), a celebrated profeffor of phy- 
fic and philofophy at Copenhagen, was born in 1651 at 
Arhufen in the peninfula of Jutland, where his father 
was biihop. Chriftian V. entrufted him with the manage¬ 
ment of his grand cabinet of curiofities; and Frederic IV. 
in 1698, made him counfellor of his court of jullice. He 
wrote many medical works, and fome excellent poems. 
JACOBAZ'ZI (Dominic), a learned Italian cardinal in 
the lixteenth century, was a native of Rome, where he was 
born about the year 1443. Having embraced the ecclefi- 
aftical life, he particularly applied himfelf to the lludy of 
canon-law and theology, and became fo eminent, for his 
proficieivcy, as well as the talents for bufinefs which he 
difcovered, that he was employed by pope Sixtus IV. and 
five of his fucceffors, in the management of l’everal im¬ 
portant affairs. He was appointed auditor confiitorial, 
and afterwards one of the twelve auditors of the rota, and 
feilhop of Lucera. Pope Julius IL made him' vicar of 
J a e 
Rome, and prefident of the univerfity in that city. He 
was alfo inltituted to the fees of Maffano and Groffeto. 
The laft promotion which he received was that to the 
rank of cardinal, to which he was eievated by pope Leo X. 
in the year 1517. He died in 1527, or early in 1528, 
when he was about eighty-four years of age. The moll 
important of his works was a Treatife concerning the 
Councils, in Latin, which was originally published'at 
Rome in 1538, in a folio volume. This edition is become 
exceedingly lcarce, and, though far from correft, is ea- 
.gerly fought after by collectors. It forms the eighteenth 
volume of father Labbe’s Colledtio Maxima Coneiliorum; 
the fets of which that want this volume, may be obtained 
for almoil half the price of fuch as are complete. 
JAC'OBIN, J. A pigeon with a high tuft. See Co- 
LUiVlBA, vol. iv. 
JACOBIN, /. A monk of a particular order; a Do¬ 
minican.—He employed in it father Andrew, a Jacobin. 
Robertfon. 
JACOBIN, f. in the language of the prefent day, is 
the name alfumed at the beginning of the French revo¬ 
lution, by a party in Paris, which was outrageoufly de- 
mocratical, and fanatically impious. This party, which 
confilled of members of the National Aifembly, and of 
others maintaining the fame.opinions and purfuing the 
fame objects, formed itfelf into a club, and held its meet¬ 
ings in the hail belonging to the Jacobin friars, where 
meafures were fecretly concerted for exciting infurrecjions, 
and over-awing at once the legiflature and "the king. The 
name of Jacobin , though it was derived from the hall 
where the club firll met, has fince been extended to all 
who are enemies to monarchy, ariltocracy, and the Chrif¬ 
tian religion ; and who would have every man to be his 
own pried and his own lawgiver.—They have, it feems, 
found out in the academies of the Palais Royal and the 
Jacobins, that certain men have no right to the pofielfions 
which they hold under law. Burke. 
JACOBINISM, the principles of a Jacobin.—May the 
more recent fpirit of jacobinifm have a Hill quicker ter¬ 
mination. Mafon. 
To JACOBINIZE, v.a. To taint with Jacobinifm.— 
France was not then jacobinized. Burke. 
JACOBITE, f. A term of reproach bellowed on the 
perfons who, vindicating the doctrines of pafiive obebience 
and non-refinance with refpeft to the arbitrary proceed ¬ 
ings of princes, difavow the revolution in 1688, and af- 
fert the fuppofed rights and adhere to the interefts of the 
abdicated king James and bis family.—-The fum of all his 
policy had been to amufe the whigs, the tories, and the 
Jacobites. Bolingbroke. —No Jacobite was ever a philofopher. 
Shipley. 
JACOBITE, adj. Of the principles of Jacobites.—The 
whole tOry party was become avowedly Jacobite. Bolins _ 
broke. 
JACOBITES, in church hiftory, a fed of Chriftians 
in Syria and Mefopotamia, fo called, either from Jacob, a 
Syrian who lived in the reign of the emperor Mauritius, 
or from one Jacob, a monk who flourifhed in the year 
550. The Jacobites are of two feds, lome following the 
rites of the Latin church, and others continuing fepa- 
- rated from the church of Rome. There is alfo a divifion 
among the latter, who have two rival patriarchs. As to 
their belief, they hold but one nature in Jelus Chriit • 
with refpeCl to purgatory and prayers for the dead, they 
are of the fame opinion with the Greeks and other eallern 
Chriftians ; they confecrate unleavened bread at the eu- 
charift; and are againil confelfion, believing that.it is not 
of divine inftitution, 
JACOBIT'ICAL, adj. Belonging to the Jacobites. 
JACOBIT'ICALLY, adv. After the manner of the 
Jacobites. 
JACOBI'TISH, adj. Attached to the principles of the 
Jacobites, leaning to the interell of James II. 
JACOBITISM,/ The principles of a Jacobite._The 
fpirit of jacobitijm, which had obtained in both our Uni- 
verfities 
