J A C 
verfities before the year 1745, was far from being quite 
extinguifhed in 1748. Mafon. 
JACCFBO DE PALU'DO, a fmail ifland in the Adria¬ 
tic, fo named from its church. It contains but few in¬ 
habitants ; there is an hofpital for the accommodation of 
pilgrims. 
JA'COBSDORF, a town of Germany, in Upper Sax¬ 
ony: three miles fouth-eaft of Jacobfhagen, and eight eaft 
of Zachan. 
JA'COBSHAGEM, a town of Germany, in Upper Sax¬ 
ony: twenty miles eaft of Stargard,and fourteen foiuh of 
Daber. Lat. 53. n. N. Ion. 33.13. E. Ferro. 
JA'COBSON (John Charles Gottfried), an able tech¬ 
nology, the fon of a lhopkeeper at Elbingen, was born 
at that place in 1726. He ftudied at Leipfic ; but in 
confequence of an unfortunate duel was obliged to ab- 
fcond, and to enter into the fervice of the elector of Sax¬ 
ony. He afterwards obtained a fubaltern’s place in the 
Pruffian fervice; but as the feverityof his duty prevented 
him from devoting any part of his time to ftudy, to 
which he had been always attached, he refigned his office 
and enlifted in a regiment of infantry at Berlin. During 
a refidence of two years in that city, he diligently fre¬ 
quented the different manufactories and work-lhops, and 
between tile years 1773 and 1776 publifhed his Defcrip- 
tion of all the Cloth Manufactories in Germany, 4 vols. 
8vo. and at the fame time aflifted Sprengel in his Collec¬ 
tion of the Arts and Handicrafts, and Nicolai in his De- 
fcripti'on of Berlin. After the campaign of 1778, in which 
he was actively employed, he at length obtained a dif- 
charge, and began his “Technological Dictionary of all 
the ufeful Trades, Arts, and Manufactures, with an Ac¬ 
count of the different Proceffes, Tools, Inltruments, &c. 
and an Explanation of the technical Terms,” in 4 Parts, 
4to. On account of his extenfive technological knowledge 
and indefatigable zeal, he was appointed, in 1784, in- 
fpeCtor of all the royal manufactories in the kingdom of 
Pruflia, and died in the month of September, 1789. Ja- 
cobfon had promifed a fupplementary volume of his Dic¬ 
tionary, but was prevented by death from fulfilling his 
intention. This talk, however, was undertaken by Mr. 
Rolenthal, a baker of Nordhaufen, and member of feveral 
academies; and, when completed, was publifhed in four 
volumes, the 1 aft of which appeared in 1795. , 
JA'COBSTADT, a fea-port town of Sweden, in the 
province of Eaft Bothnia, with a convenient port. Lat. 
64. 5-.N. 
JACO'BUS,/ A gold coin, worth twenty-five (hillings; 
fo called from king James I. of England, in whole reign 
it was ftruck. We ufually diftinguifh two kinds of Ja¬ 
cobus, the old and the new ; the former valued at twenty- 
five (hillings, weighing fix pennyweights ten grains; the 
latter, called alfo Caro/us, valued at twenty-three (hillings, 
in weight five pennyweights twenty grains. 
JACOPO'NE da TO'DI, an ancient Italian poet, ce¬ 
lebrated for. his piety, was born in the thirteenth century 
at Todi, of the noble family of Benedetti. He was 
brought up to the ftudy of the law, of which he became 
a doCfor and an eminent practitioner at Rome. He mar¬ 
ried, fought to enrich himfelf by profeflional arts, and 
lived like a man of the world; when the death of his wife, 
in confequence of the fall of a fcaffold at a public fpeCta- 
cle, awakened him to ferious reflection, and induced him 
to quit all fecular concerns, and devotediimfelf to reli¬ 
gion. He entered into the third order of Francifcans, of 
which he became a clauftral in 1278. He counterfeited 
folly in order to receive the humiliation of contempt, in 
which he fucceeded fo well, that his baptifmal name of 
Jacopo was changed for the nick-name of Jacopone. The 
rigour of his fuperiors aided his voluntary mortifications, 
and for a flight fault he was thruft into a noifome dun¬ 
geon, where he is faid to have compoled one of his molt 
rapturous canticles of divine love. He underwent greater 
fufferings from the refeiltment of pope Boniface VIII. 
for when that violent pontiff, exafperated againft the Co- 
lonna, laid fiege to Paleftrina, Jacopone, who w'as there 
Vol. X. No. 699. 
J A C 669 
at the time, lamented the evils-brought upon the church 
by its head, in two canticles. As a punifhment for this 
freedom, Boniface, when mailer of the town, threw the 
poor monk into fetters, a id kept him on bread and wafer, 
till he himfelf was imprifoned by the'Colonna. This la ft 
■event is laid to have beer, predicted by Jacopone', who, 
when the pope infuitingly afkc.d him when he fhould 
come out of prif’on, replied, “ When you (hail enter it.” 
He furvived his liberation about three years, and died 
in 1306. His Spiritual Canticles, of which many editions 
were publifhed, have given him a place among the Ita¬ 
lian poets. With refpeft to language, they are rude and 
barbarous, being a medley of various dialefts ; but there 
is'much fublimity in the fentiments, and a fervour of ex- 
preflion refulting from the lacred paflion with which he 
was infpired. He alfo wrote fome religious pieces in La¬ 
tin, and is faid to have been the author of the well-known 
iiturgic anthem beginning St.abat Mater. The heft edi¬ 
tion of his Canticles is that of Venice, 4to. 1617, with 
notes. 
JACQUELO'T (Ifaac), a learned French Proteftant 
divine, was the Ion of a minifter at Valfy in Champagne, 
where he was bom in the j'ear 1647. Having been edu¬ 
cated to the miniftry, he was appointed his father’s col¬ 
league when he had arrived at the age of twenty-one. 
After the revocation of the edidt of Nantz, he retired to 
Heidelburg; whence he afterwards removed to the Hague, 
Here he officiated in his minifterial capacity with great 
approbation, engaging the attention of his hearers by the 
folidity of his matter, and the force of his reafoning. 
When the king of Pruflia came to this place, he heard 
our author preach, and was fo much plealed with his per¬ 
formances, that lie perfuaded him to become his minifter 
at Berlin, and fettled on him a connderable penfion, which 
he enjoyed till his death in 1708, when he was about 
fixty-one years of age. He was a man who was highly 
refpected for his literature, his virtuous exemplary con¬ 
duit, and his amiable manners. He was the author of fe¬ 
veral works, which difplay genius, penetration, and ex¬ 
tenfive knowledge, though they are deficient in method 
and precifion. Among others he publifhed, 1. Diflerta- 
tions on the Exiftence of God, 1697, 4to. written in op- 
pofition to Epicurus and Spinofa. 2. Difleftations on the 
Mefliah, 1699, 8vo. 3. A Treatife on the Irtfpiration of 
the facred Books. This he left unfinifhed at his death ; 
it was publifhed in 1715, 8vo. 4. A Criticifm on the 
Picture of Socinianifm, written by Jurieu; which expofed 
our author to a bitter perfecution. 5. Sermons, in 2 vols. 
6. Controverfial trails againft Mr. Bayle, occafioned by 
opinions advanced in his Diltionary. 7. Letters addreffed 
to the Biftiops of France, written with great temper and 
moderation, urging them to difplay towards the Proteft- 
ants that candour and urbanity which became them as 
men and as Chriftians, and particularly as minlfters of 
the God of peace. 
JACQUES (Frere), or Friar James, whofe furname was 
Baulot, or Baulieu, a celebrated lithotomift, and a man 
of a lingular character, was born in 1651 at a village in 
Franche-Comte, where his father was a poor labourer. 
At the age of fixteen he was feized with an inclination 
to travel, having received no other education than that of 
mere writing and reading. A propenfity. which he felt for 
the practice of furgery was put in the -way of gratification 
by his becoming a patient in a hofpital, where, after his 
recovery, he applied himfelf with great affiduity to affift- 
ing the lick, and learned to bieed. He afterwards entered 
into a regiment of cavalry, in which he ferved fome years; 
and formed acquaintance with one Pauloni, an Italian 
empirical furgecn, who had become famous for cutting 
for the ftoneand curing ruptures. With him he travelled 
five or fix years into various countries as an alfiftant; till 
having, as he thought, obtained a fufficient infight into 
his practice, he began in Provence to act by himfelf. He 
wore a kind of monadic habit, but not of any particular 
order, and took the name of Frere Jacques, by which he 
was ever afterwards diftinguiftied. He operated firft in 
S H the 
