JAN 
nml in the year 1634. a. treaty was concluded between 
.Louis XIII. king of France, and the States-general, ac¬ 
cording to the terms of which Louis engaged to join his 
forces "with thofe of the Dutch republic. This treaty ex- 
afperated the paflions of the king of Spain againlt the 
French court; and nothing could prove more acceptable 
to him than the fevered philippics againlt the new confe¬ 
deracy. On this occafion Janfenius took up the pen, 
and publilhed, 511163.5, a work entitled, Mars Gal/icus, 
feu de JuJlitia Armorum & Fxderum Regis Gallia ; containing 
the molt malignant and invidious exclamations againlt the 
fervices which France- continually rendered' to the Pro- 
teftants of Holland and Germany, to the great prejudice 
of the Romilh religion. And it fpeaks of the Dutch as 
rebels, who .owed the republican liberty which they en¬ 
joyed to an infamous ufurpafion. The fpirit and language 
of this piece perfeftly correfponded with the deep refen t- 
ment of the king of Spain; and in the fame year in which 
it was publilhed he rewarded the author for the zeal 
which he had difplayed in his caufe, by promoting him 
to the bilhopric of Ypres. It is faid, that the publication 
of this book was the firft caufe of, the hatred which car¬ 
dinal Richlieu entertained againlt Janfenius and his fol¬ 
lowers, and of the confequent partiality which was fliown 
by the court towards their enemies the Jefuits. No fooner 
had our new prelate taken polfelTion of his fee, than he 
commenced the reform of the diocefe ; but he was pre¬ 
vented from finilhing that good work by his death, in 
1638, when lie was only about fifty-three years of age. 
This event w'as occafioned by the plague, to which he fell 
a faerifice, while with paternal folicitude he was adminif- 
tering fpiritual and temporal fuccour to thofe of his dio- 
cefans who were in defied by that diforder. He died 
highly refpefted, not only for his learning and other emi¬ 
nent qualifications, but a'lfo for bis piety and virtues. 
His moft celebrated work, on which he employed the 
labour of more than twenty years, was entitled, Augujli- 
mis,feu DoElrina Santti AuguJUni de Humana Natura SanFlitate, 
Aigritudune Medicina, adverfos Pelagianos & Mafflienfes ; folio. 
This work, which gave fuch a wound to the Romilh 
church as neither the power nor wildom of its pontiffs 
will ever be able to heal, is divided into three parts. The 
firfl is hidorical, and contains a relation of the Pelagian 
controverfy, which arofe in the fifth century. In the fe- 
cond, we find an accurate account and illuftration of the 
doftrine of Augudine relating to the conftitution and 
powers of the human nature, in its original, fallen, and 
renewed, date. The third contains the doftrine of the.fame 
father relating to the aids of fanftifying grace procured by 
Chrid, and to the eternal prededination of men and an¬ 
gels. Thistreatife was attacked by the Jefuits, who accufed 
Janfenius of maintaining dangerous and heretical opinions ; 
and afterwards, in 1642, obtained of pope Urban VIII. a 
formal condemnation of the treatife written by Janfeniqs ; 
when the partifans of Janfenius gave out that this bull 
was fpurious, and compofed by a perfon entirely devoted 
to the Jefuits. After the death of Urban VIII. the affair 
of Janfenifm began to be more warmly controverted, and 
gave birth to an infinite number of polemical writings 
concerning grace. And what occafioned fome mirth, was 
.the titles'which each party gave to their writings : one 
writer publilhed The Torch of St. Augvftine, another found 
Snuffers for St. Augufine’s Torch, and father Veron formed 
A Gag for the Janfenifts, &c. In the year 1650, fixty-eight 
bifhops of France lubfcribed a letter to pope Innocent X. 
to obtain an enquiry into, and condemnation of, the five 
following propofitions, extracted from Janfenius’s Au- 
guftinus: 1. Some of God’s commandments are impoffible 
to be obferved by the righteous, even though they en¬ 
deavour with all their power to accomplifh them. 2. In 
the ftate of corrupted nature, we are incapable of refitting 
inward grace. 3. Merit and demerit, in a ftate of cor¬ 
rupted nature, does not depend on a liberty which ex¬ 
cludes neceffity, but on a liberty which excludes conftraint. 
4. The Semipelagians admitted the necelfity of an inward 
YOL. X. No. 701. 
JAN {>83 
preventing grace for the performance of each particular 
aft, even for the beginning of faith ; but they were here¬ 
tics in maintaining that this grace was of fuch a nature, 
that the will of man was able either to, refill: or obey it. 
It is Semipelagianifm to fay, that Jefus Chrift died," or 
fired his blood, for all mankind in general. 
In the year 1652, the pope appointed a congregation 
for examining into the difpute in relation to grace. I11 
this congregation Janfenius was condemned; and the bull 
of condemnation publifhed in May 1653, filled all the 
pulpits in Paris with violent outcries and alarms againlt 
the lrerefy of the Janfenifts. In the year 1656, pope Alex¬ 
ander VII. ifiued out another bull, in which he con¬ 
demned the five propofitions of Janfenius. However, the 
Janfenifts affirm, that thefe propofitions are not to be 
found in this book; but that fome of his enemies, having 
caufed them to be printed on a flieet, inferted them in the 
book, and thereby deceived the pope. At laft Clement 
XI. put an end to the difpute by his conftitution of July 
17, 1705; in which, after having recited the conftitutions 
of his predecefl'ors in relation to this affair, he declares, 
“ That, in order to pay a proper obedience to the papal 
conftitutions concerning the prefent queftion, it is neceft- 
fqry to receive them with a refpeftful iilence.” The clergv 
of Paris, the fame year, approved and accepted this bull, 
and none dared to oppofe it. This is the famous bull 
Unigenitus, fo called from its beginning with the w'ords Uni- 
genitus Dei Filius, See. which occafioned fo much confufion 
in France. 
JAN'SI, a town of Hindooftan, in the circarof Gohud : 
110 miles louth of Agra, and thirty-eight eaft of Narwa. 
JANS'SEN (Abraham), hiftory-painter, was born at 
Antwerp in 1569. He was cotemporary with Rubens, 
and alfo his competitor, and in many of the fineft parts 
of the art was accounted not inferior to that celebrated 
matter. It is reported, that having wafted his time-and 
his fubftance by a life of diflipation and plea lure, and 
falling into neceflitous circumftances, which he imputed 
more to'ill-fortune than, to his own negleft of his bufi- 
nefs, he grew envious at the grandeur in which Rubens 
appeared, and impatient , at his merit and fuccefs ; and 
with peevifli infolence challenged him to paint a pifture 
with him only for fame, which he was willing to fubmit 
to impartial judges. But Rubens rejefted the propofal, 
anfwering with modefty, that he freely fubmitted to him, 
and the world would certainly do juftice to them both. 
Sandrat, who had feen feveral of his works, allures us, 
that he not only gave a fine roundnefs and relief to his 
figures, but alfo Inch a warmth and clearnefs to the car¬ 
nations, that they had all the look of real flefii; and his 
colouring was as durable as it was beautiful, retaining its 
original luftre for a number of years. His moft capital 
performance is laid to be a Refurreftion of Lazarus, 
which is in the cabinet of the eleftor palatine, and is an 
objeft of admiration to all who behold it. 
JANS'SEN (Viftor Honorius), hiftory-painter, vyas 
born at Bruffels in 1664, and was a difciple of one Volders, 
under whofe direftion he continued for feven years ; in 
which time he gave many proofs of a genius far fuperior 
to thofe who were initrufted in the fame fchool. He af¬ 
terwards went to Rome, where he attended particularly to 
the works of Raphael; he defigned after the antique, and 
flcetched the beautiful feenes around that city ; and in a 
lhort time his paintings rofe in efteem, an* the principal 
nobility of Rome were defirous to employ him. He alfo- 
ciated with Tempefta, the celebrated landfcape-pa inter, 
for feveral years, and painted the figures in the works of 
that great mafter as long as they relided together. 
Janffen compofed hiftorical lubjefts, both in a final! 
and a large fize ; but he found the demand for his fmall 
pictures fo confiderable, that he was iijduced to paint 
moft frequently in that fize. During eleven years he con¬ 
tinued at Rome, which barely fufiiced for his finilhing 
thofe pictures for which he was engaged ; nor could he 
have been even then at his liberty., had he not limited 
8 M himleif 
