J AS 
JAR'RA, a town of confiderable extent in the Moorifh 
kingdom of Ludamar in Africa. The houfes are built of 
clay and ftone intermixed, a kind of wall very common 
in many parts of Scotland, where clay is made to fupply 
the place of mortar. The greater parts of the inhabitants 
are negroes from the borders of the fouthern ftates, who 
prefer, lays Mr. Park, a precarious proteftion under the 
Moors, which they purchafe by a tribute, to the being 
continually expofed to their predatorv hoftilities. The 
tribute which they pay is confiderable ; and they ihanifeft 
the mod: unlimited obedience and fubmifiion to their 
Moorifli fuperiors -, by whom they are, in return, treated 
"with the utmoft indignity and contempt. The Moors in 
this, and the other ftates adjoining the country of the ne¬ 
groes, refemMe in their perlons the mulattoes of the Weft 
Indies, and feem to be a mixed race between the Moors, 
properly fo called, of the north, and the negroes-of the 
iouth ; pofleffing many of the worft qualities of both na¬ 
tions. Lat. 15. 5.N. Ion. 6. 4.8. E. 
JAR'RIE, a town of France, in the department of the 
Tower Charente, and chief place of a canton, in the dif- 
tricl of La Rochelle : two leagues fouth-eaft of La Ro¬ 
chelle, and four and three quarters north of Rochfort. 
JARS (Gabriel), an eminent mineralogift, was born 
at Lyons in 1732. His father was concerned in the mines 
of the Lyonnois ; and, as the fan early Ihowed an attach¬ 
ment to the art of metallurgy, he was placed by M. Tru- 
daine in the eftablilhment for the conftruftioii of bridges 
and caufieways, in order to obtain a practical knowledge 
of the bufinefs of a miner and civil engineer. The ikill 
he acquired caufed him to bethought a proper perfon for 
introducing improvements into the ait of working mines 
in France ; and in 1757, at the defire of count Maurepas, 
he went in company with M. Duhamel to vifit the mines 
of Saxony, Bohemia, Auftria, and Hungary, finifliing his 
furvey in 1759 with thofe of Tyrol, Stiria, and Carinthia. 
In 1765 he was employed alone to examine the mines of 
England and Scotland. His brother, who was alio a fkil- 
ful mineralogift, accompanied him in 1766 to Hanover, 
Brunfwick, Helfe, Norway, Sweden, Holland, and the 
Low-countries. On his return from thefe laborious jour¬ 
neys, M. Jars was admitted into the Academy of Sciences. 
He was employed in arranging the numerous and valuable 
obfervations he had colle&ed, when a fuddert death in 
1769 broke oft his defigns. His brother, however, reduced 
his manuferipts to order, and fitted them for publication ; 
and in 1774. printed, at. Lyons, the firft volume quarto of 
a work entitled Voyages Metallurgies, ou Recherches & Ob- 
Jervations fur les Mines & Forges de Fer, la Fabrication de 
FAcier, celle du Fer blanc, & plufuurs Mines de Charbon de 
Terre, &c. Two more volumes'appeared afterwards, and 
they form together a complete collection of theoretical 
and practical metallurgy down to the time in which the 
obfervations were made. A work entitled Elemens de la 
Geometrie Scuterreine, extracted from the Metallurgic Tra¬ 
vels of M. Jars, was publifhed at Paris in 1780, 8vo. 
JA'RUSOW, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of. 
Lemberg : twelve miles nortb-eaft of Lemberg. 
JARZE', a town of France, in the department of Mayne 
and Loire, and chief place of a canton, in the diftrift of 
Bauge: one league and half weft of Bauge, and four and 
a half north-ealt of Angers. 
JA'SENITZ, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Po¬ 
merania, on the weft fide of the Oder, near its mouth • 
ren miles north of Stettin. 
JAS'HAWK,yi [probably ias, or eyas hawk.] A young 
hawk. Ainfworth. 
JAS'HEM, [Hebrew.] The name of a man. 
JASH'ER, a book which. Joftiua refers to in the fo’low- 
irvg palfage : “ And the fun flood itill, and the moon 
ltayed, until the people had avenged themfelves upon 
their enemies; is not this written in the book of Jaflter ?” 
It is difficult to determine what this booh of Jafutr, or 
“ the upright,’’ is. St. Jerom and the Jews believed it to 
be Genefis, or fome other book of the Pentateuch, wherein 
Vol. X. No. 704.. 
J' A S 70S 
God foretold he would do wonderful things in favour of 
his people. Huetius fuppofes it was a book of morality, 
in which it was laid that God would fubvert the courfe 
of nature in favour of thofe'who put their trfift in him. 
Others pretend, it was public annals, or records, which 
were ftyled jujlice or upright, becaufe they contained a 
faithful account of the hiftory of the'Ifraelites. Grotfus 
believes, that this book was nothing el-fe but a fong, made 
to celebrate this miracle and this victory. This feems 
the more probable opinion, becaufe the words cited by 
Jofliua as taken from this work, “Sun, 'Hand thou fliil 
upon Gibeon, and thou moon in the valley of Ajalon,” 
are fuch poetical expreffions as do not fuit with hiltorical 
memoirs ; befides fhat in the 2d book of Samuel (i. 18.) 
mention is made of a book under the fame title, on ac¬ 
count of a fong made on the death of Saul and Jonathan. 
JASH'UB, [Hebrew.] A man’s name. 
JASH'UBITE, / A defendant of Jafhub. 
JASI'EL, [Hebrew.] The name of a man. 
JA'SION, or Jasius, a ton of Jupiter and Eleflra, one 
of the Atiantides, who reigned over part of Arcadia,- 
where he diligently applied himfeif to agriculture. He 
married the goddefs Cybele, or Ceres; and all the gods : 
were prefent at the celebration of his nuptials. He had 
by Ceres two fons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom fome 
have added a third, Corybas, who introduced the worfhip 
and myfteries of bis mother in Phrygia. He had alfo a 
daughter whom he expofed as foon as born, faying that 
he would raife only male children. The child, who was-’ 
fuckled by a fhe-bear and preferved, rendered herfelf fa¬ 
mous afterwards under the name of Atalanta. Jafion was' 
killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among 
the gods after death by the inhabitants of Arcadia. 
Hejiod. 
JASIO'NE, f. [from the Greek, cto? for S-.-o?, and ia, a 
violet; that is, the divine violet. Linn.] Sheep’s Scabi¬ 
ous ; in botany, a genus of the clafs fyngenefia, order 
monogamia, natural order of campanacea, (campanulaceae, 
Juf) The generic characters are—Calyx : perianthium. 
common ten-leaved ; alternate leaflets interior, narrower, 
including verjr many flowers on very fhort peduncles ; 
permanent. Perianthium proper five-cleft, fuperior, per¬ 
manent. Corolla: proper one-petalled, regular, deeply 
five-cleft; divifions lanceolate, upright. Stamina: fila¬ 
ments five, awl-fhaped, fliort; anthers five, oblong, con¬ 
nected at the bafe. Piftillum: germ roundifli, inferior; 
Ityle filiform, length of the corolla ; ftigma bifid. Peri- 
carpium: capfule roundifli, five-cornered, crowned with 
the proper calyx, fubbilocular, gaping at the tip, with a 
round hole ; partition divided at the axis. Seeds; many, 
l’ubovate; receptacle fubglobofe, pedic'elled, free, in the 
bafe of the capfule. The central flofcules are often abor¬ 
tive; with an undivided club-lhaped ftigma.— Fffential 
CharaElcr. Calyx common ten-leaved; corolla five-petailed, 
regular; capfule inferior, two-celled. 
Species. Jafione montana, mountain jafione, or hairy 
fiieep’s fcabious; a Angle lpecies. Root annual, rigid, 
whitifti and fibrous. Stems many, ereCt or procumbent, 
from a fpan to a foot in height or more, fomewliat rigid, 
befetwith fliort rough hairs, angular, ftriated, green, often 
tinged with purple ; for fomething more than on'? third 
of their height, they are clothed with numerous leaves, 
which are linear or linear-lanceolate, waved at the mar¬ 
gins, bluntifh at the end, hairy on both furfaees, feffile, 
and pointing upwards ; the remainder of the Item is na¬ 
ked, and terminated by one flowering head. Linnaeus 
remarks, that the leaves are obfeurely ferrated. Leers af¬ 
firms that the calyx has conftantly twenty leaflets, sn four 
rows, fubferrated, the outer ones gradually larger. The 
anthers are at firft almoft wholly united, but when the 
pollen is evacuated they fpread, and are joiiited only at 
the bafe. The central florets are barren, with the ftigma 
club-fhaped, quite entire, having pollen i’cattered over it, 
and not villole ; the capfules are on very fliort pedicels, ■ 
and never ripen. The lateral florets, in greater numbers, ■ 
6 Q are 
