710 j A V 
caloric gives -it a tendency to return to its former figure,- 
in order that, by the enlargement of the pores, the origi¬ 
nal quantity of caloric may be received. 
Propagation and Culture. All thefe plants, being natives 
ot the warm-parts of America, are too tender to thrive in 
the open air in England. The fir ft fort is cultivated in 
the Welt Indies for food, where it is propagated by cut¬ 
ting the ftalks into lengths of feven oreight inches, which, 
vvhc-n planted, put out roots. The other forts are eafily 
propagated by feeds, which fliould be town on a good 
hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants are fit to re¬ 
move, they Ihould be each tranfplanted into a final 1 pot fill¬ 
ed with light earth, and then plunged into a frelh hot-bed 
of tanners’ baric, carefully (hading them till they have 
taken frcfli root ; after which they muft he treated in the 
lame manner as other tender plants from hot countries, 
admitting, f re 111 air to them daily, in proportion to the 
warmth of the feafon ; but as many of the forts have fuc- 
culent ftalks, feme of which have a milky juice, they 
fliould have but little water given them, for they are loon 
deft rayed by wet. The thirteenth fort is an annual plant; 
. if the feeds are fown early in the fpring, and the plants 
are brought forward, they will perfect their feeds the fame 
year; but the other forts are perennial, fo do not flower 
till the fecond or third year; therefore the plants Ihould 
be plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove, where they 
ihould coiiftantly remain, giving them a large (hare of air 
in warm weather; but in winter they mult be tenderly 
treated, ,ayd in that feafon muft have very little water. 
With this-management, the plants will -continue feverai 
years, and produce their flowers, and frequently' perfect 
their feeds in England. The caflava thrives belt in the 
Weft Indies, in a free, mixed foil, is propagated by the 
bud or gem, and, is generally cultivated in the following 
manner: The ground is firft cleared, and' hoed up into 
■•'ftiallow holes, of about ten or twelve inches fquare, and 
ieldom above three or four inches in depth. When they 
intend to plant, they provide a fufficient,number of full- 
grown Items, and cut then into junks, of about fix or fe- 
ven inches length, as far as they find them tough and 
woodyg and well furnifhed with prominent, well-grown, 
hardy, buds ; of theie they lay one or.etwo in every hole, 
and cover them over with mould from the adjoining bank ; 
but care muft be taken to keep the ground clean, until 
the plants .rile to a fufficient height to cover the mould, 
and to prevent the growth’of all weaker weeds. 
I A' TR US,. (Matthew), a Greek monk and prieft who 
flourilhed in the thirteenth century, and took his furname 
from an iflandin the Propontis, of whjch lie was a native. 
That his time is net to be referred to an earlier period 
■ than what we have already mentioned, may be concluded 
from lome expreffions made life of by him relating to dig¬ 
nities which had no exiftence till after the reign of the 
emperor Alexius Angeius, which terminated in the year 
1203. Pie was the author of two treatifes in Greek verfe, 
which, from the meafere in which they are written, are 
rather to b.e, clafieJ ’ among political fongs than regular 
poems. The -former of them is employed in deicribin-g 
the different officers belonging to the great, church at 
Conftantinople; and the latter, the officers connected with 
the imperial palace in the lame city. The original of both 
was pubHlbed, with a Latin verlion and notes, by James 
Goar, and annexed to his edition of George Codin us’s 
treatife, De Officiis Conltant. printed at Paris in 164.8, fo¬ 
lio. Cave alfo is of opinion, that he was the author of 
the Qutejliones tj? Caufee Matrimcniales, which form almolt 
the whole eighth book of the Jur. Graeco-Rom. For the 
fubjects of fuch. ruanuferipts of his as are (till extant, or 
have been quoted, -&cc. the reader -may confult Cave’s Hilt. 
Lit. vol. ii. 
JAT'TIR, [Hebrew.] The name of a pian. 
J A'VA, a large illand of the Ealt Indies, lying between 
iat. 6. to -8. S. and from'Ion. 105. and 116. E. extending 
in length 706 miles, and in breadth about 100. It js 
Jituatei .to the fouth of ilorneo, and foutft-eaft from the 
J A V 
peninfula of Malacca, having Sumatra lying before it, from 
which it is feparated by a narrow paflage, now fo famous 
in the world by the name of the Strait of Sitnda. The 
.country is mountainous.and woody in the middle ; but a 
flat coaft, full of bogs, and marlhes, renders the air un¬ 
healthful. It produces pepper, indigo, fugar, tobacco, 
rice, coffee, cocoa-nut, plantains, cardamoms, and other 
tropical fruits. Gold alfo, but in no great quantities; 
has been found in it. It is ciiverfified by many mountains, 
woods, and rivers; in all which nature has very bounti¬ 
fully bellowed her treafures. The mountains are many 
of them fo high as to be feen at the diftance of three or 
four leagues. That which is called the blue mountain is 
by far the higheft of them all, and feen the fartheft orf at 
fea. They have frequent and very terrible earthquakes 
in this illand, which (hake the city of Batavia and places 
adjacent, to fuch a degree, that the fall of the houfes is 
expecled every moment. The waters in the road are N ex- 
celiively agitated, infomuch that their motion refembles 
that of a boiling pot ; and in fome places the earth opens, 
which affords a ltrange and terrible fpectacle. The inha¬ 
bitants are of opinion, that theie earthquakes proceed 
from the mountain Parang, which is full of fulphur, la.lt- 
petre, and bitumen. The fruits and plants of this illand 
are all in their feverai kinds excellent, and almoll out of 
number. There are abundance of forelts fcattered over 
it, in which are all kinds of wild beafts, fuch as buffaloes, 
tigers, rhinocepoles, and wild horfes, with an infinite va¬ 
riety of Terpents, fome of them of an enormous lize. 
Crocodiles are prodigiously large in Java, and are found 
chiefly about the mouths of rivers; for, being amphibious 
animals, they -delight moftly in marlhes and favannals. 
There is, in fhort, no kind of animal wanting here; fowls 
they , have .of all forts, and exquifitely good, elpecially 
peacocks, partridges, pheafants, wood-pigeons ; and, for 
curiofity, they have the Indian bat, which differs little 
in form from ours ; but its wings, when extended, mea- 
liire a full yard, and the body of it is of the lize of a rat. 
They have filh in great plenty, and very good ; fo that 
for the value of three-pence there-may be enough bought 
to dine fix or (even men. They have likewife.a multitude 
of to toil’es, the flefih of which is very little inferior to 
veal, and there are many who think it better. 
It is faid, that there are-in the illand upwards of forty 
great towns, which, from-the number of their inhabitants, 
would, in any other part of tire world, .merit the title of 
cities ; and more than 4500 villages, befides hamlets, and 
ftraggling houfes lying very near each other, upon the 
fea-coaft, and in the neighbourhood of great towns; hence, 
upon a fair and moderate computation, there are within 
the bounds of the whole illand, taking in perfons of both 
fexes, and of all ranks and ages, more than thirty millions 
of fouls. There are a great many princes in the illand, 
of which the moft conliderable are, the emperor of Mate- 
ran, who relides at Katafura, and the kings of Bantam 
and t Japara. Upon the firft of t’ne-fe many of the petty 
princes are dependent; but the Dutch are abfolute mas¬ 
ters of the greateft part of the illand, particularly of the 
north coaft; though there are fome of the princes beyond 
■the mountains, on the louth coaft, who Hill maintain 
their independency. See Bantam and Batavia, in our 
fecond volume; in which articles, the hiftory ot Java has 
been almcft entirely anticipated. 
JA'VA HEAD', the weftern point of the illand of Java. 
Lat. 6. 18 / S. Ion. 104. 15. E. Greenwich. 
JA'VAN, [Heb. a deceiver.J A man’s name. 
JAUDE, a town of France, in the .department of the 
Charente, and chief place of a canton, in the diltrifl of 
La Rochefoucauld: three leagues north-north-eaft or An- 
goulefme. ✓ 
JOUDONNIE'RE, a town of France, in the depart¬ 
ment of the Vendee, and chief place of a canton, in the 
diftrift of La Chataigneraye: three leagues well of La 
Chataigneraye. 
To j AV'EL, or Jable, v. a. To bemire ; to foil over 
wiijh 
