no ice 
loft their lives by the poifonous qualities of the fmoke 
and fteam with which the whole atmofphere was filled ; 
particularly old people, and fuch as had any complaint in 
the breaft and lungs. 
Iceland is remarkable alfo for hot and boiling fprings, 
fome of which fpout-up into the air to a furprifing height. 
All the jets d’eau which have been contrived with fo much 
art, and at fuch an enormous expence, cannot by any 
means be compared with rhefe wonders of nature in Ice¬ 
land. The water-works at Herenhaufen throw up a An¬ 
gle column of water of half a quarter of a yard in, circum¬ 
ference to a height of about feventy feet; thole at the 
Winterkaften at Calfel throw it up, but in a much thin¬ 
ner column, one hundred and thirty feet; and the jet 
d’eau at St. Cloud, which is thought the greateft of all 
the French water-works, calts up a thin column eighty 
feet in the air ; but fome fprings in Iceland pour forth 
columns of water feveral feet irv thicknefs to the height 
<of many fathoms; and fome affirm of feveral ■ hundred 
feet. 
Thefe fprings are unequal in their degrees of heat; but 
■we have obferved none under 188 degrees of Fahrenheit’s 
thermometer; in fome it is 19a, 193, 212, and in one fmall 
vein of water 213, degrees. From fome the water flows 
gently, and the fpring is then called laug , a bath; from 
ethers it fpouts with a great noil'e, and is then called huer, 
or hittel. It is very common for fome of thefe fpouting- 
fprings to clofe up, arid others to appear in their Head. 
All thefe hot waters have an incrufting quality; fo that 
we very commonly find the exterior furface from whence 
it burfts forth covered with a kind of rind, which almoft 
refembles chafed work, and which we at firft took for 
lime, but which was afterwards found by Mr. Bergman 
to be of a filiceous or-flinty nature. In fome places the 
water taftes of fulphur, in others not; but when drunk as 
foon as it is cold, it taftes like common boiled water. 
The inhabitants ufe it at particular times for dying; and 
Tvei^e they to adopt proper regulations, it might be of ftill 
greater ufe. Viftuais may alfo be boiled in it, and milk 
held over its fteam becomes fvveet; owing, mod probably, 
to the exceffive heat of the water, as the fame effefi is 
produced by boiling it a long time over the fire. They 
have begun,to make fait by boiling fea-water over it, 
which, when it is refined, is very pure and good, for this 
iiland does not naturally produce fait.. The cows which 
drink this hot water yield a great deal of milk. Egbert 
Olafsen relates, that the water does not become turbid 
when alkali is tin-own into it, nor does it change the co¬ 
lour of fyrup of violets- Horrebow affects,, that, if you 
fill a bottle at one of the fpouting fprings, the water will 
boil over .two or three times while the fpring throws forth 
its water; and if corked too foon, the bottle will burft. 
Among the many hot-fprings to be met with in Ice* 
land, feveral bear the name of geyfer-, the following is a 
deferi-ption of the molt remarkable of that name, and in 
tire whole iiland. “It is. about two days journey from 
Hecla, near a farm called. Kaukadul. Here a poet would 
have an opportunity of painting whatever-nature has of 
beautiful and terrible, united in one picture, by deline¬ 
ating this furprifing phenomenon. Repreient to yourfelf- 
a large field,' where you, fee on one fide, at a.great.diftance, 
high mountains covered with ice, whofe- fummits are ge¬ 
nerally wrapped in clouds, fo that their (harp and unequal 
points become invifible. This lols, however, is compen- 
lated by a certain wind, which cau-fes the clouds to fink, 
and-cover the mountain itfelf when its fummit appears as 
it were to reft on the clouds. G;n the other-fide, Hec'la is 
feen, with its three, points covered with ice, rifing above 
the clouds, and, with, the fmoke which afeends from it, 
forming other clouds at fome-diflance from the real ones-; 
and on another fide is a ridge.of high rocks, at the foot 
of which boiling water.from time.to time ilfues forth ; and 
further on extends a marfti of-about three Englifh miles 
in circumference, where are forty-.or fifty boiling fprings, 
a - - 
I C H 
from which a vapour afeends to a prodigious height. la¬ 
the midft of thefe is the greateft fpring geyfer , which de- 
ferves a more exaft and particular-account. In travelling 
to the place about an Englifh mile and a half, from the 
huer, from which the ridge of rocks ftill divided us, we 
heard a loud roaring noife, like the rufhing of a torrent 
precipitating itfelf from ftupendous rocks. We afked- our 
guide what it meant; he anfwered, it was geyfer roaring ; 
and we foon faw with our naked eyes what before feemed 
almoft incredible. The depth of the opening or pipe from 
which the water gufhes cannot well be determined ; for 
fometimes the water funk down feveral fathoms, and fome 
feconds paffed before a Hone which was thrown into the 
aperture reached the furface of the water. The opening 
was perfectly round, and nineteen feet in diameter, and 
terminated in a bafon fifty-nine feet in diameter. Both 
the pipe and the bafon were covered with a rough ftalac- 
tic rind, which had been formed by the force of the wa¬ 
ter ; the outermoft border of the bafon is nine feet and 
an inch higher than the pipe - itfelf. The water here 
fpouted feveral times a-day, but always by ftarts, and af¬ 
ter certain intervals. The people who lived in the. neigh¬ 
bourhood told us, that they rofe higher in cold and bad- 
weather than at other times; and Egbert Olafsen and fe¬ 
veral others affirm, that it has fpouted to the height of 
fixty fathoms. The force of the vapours which throw up 
theie waters is exceffive ; it not only prevents the ftones 
which are thrown into the opening from finking, but even 
throws, them up to a very great height, together with the 
water. When the bafon was full, we placed ourlelves be¬ 
fore the fun in fuch a manner that we could fee our iha- 
dows in the water; when every one obferved round the 
fihadow of his own head (though not round that of the 
heads of others) a circle of almoft the fame colours v which 
compofe the rainbow, and round this.another bright cir¬ 
cle. This moll probably proceeded from the vapours ex¬ 
haling from the water.” Von Troil, ubifvpra. 
Iceland abounds with pillars of bafaltes, which the 
lower fort of people imagine have been piled upon each 
other by the giants," who made ufe of fupernatural force 
to effeeft it. They have generally from three to feven. 
fifties ; and are from four to fix feet in thicknefs, and from 
twelve to fixteen yards in length, without any hsrizontal 
diviiions. But fometimes they are only from fix inches 
to one foot in height, and they are then very regular, in- 
fiomuch that they are fometimes made ufe of for windows 
and door-pofts. In fome places they only peep out here 
and there among the lava, or more frequently-among the 
tufa; in other places they are quite overthrown, and piece.s. 
of broken pillars only make their appearance. Sometimes 
they extend without interruption for two-or three miles 
in length. In. one mountain they have a Angular appear¬ 
ance : on the top the pillars lie horizontally ; in the mid¬ 
dle they are Hoping-; the lovveft are perfectly perpendicu¬ 
lar; and in fome parts they are bent into a femicircular 
.fig'ure. The matter of the Iceland bafaltes feems to be 
the lame with that of Staffa, which fee; alio the arti¬ 
cle Mineralogy ; and, for an inquiry into the nature and 
formation- of BASALTES,,-fee that,article, vol. ii. p. 769. 
XCE'NI, the ancient name of the peopLe of Suffolk, Nor¬ 
folk, Cambridgeihire, and H-untingdo.nlhire, in England. 
IGH-DLEN. See the article Heraldry, vol.ix. p. 458. 
ROHE, a town, of France, in the department of the 
Vofges, and chief place or a canton, in the diftrift of La 
Marcheone League and a quarter fouth-fauth-eaft of La 
Marche, and one and a half north-north-weft of Ciiatil- 
lon-fur Saotie. 
ICI-iNEU'MON, f. in. entomology, a genus, of hyrne- 
nopterous infefils, containing 5.10 different'fpecies, all cha- 
rafteril’ed by the antennae, which'have- more than thirty 
articulations ;. by .the mouth, armed with jaws, but with¬ 
out a tongue; feelers four; the abdomen is joined to the 
body by a pedicle or. ftalk, and win . h terminate;, in a pro- 
. jefling Iting inclofed. in a cylindrical lheath. It, is from 
, lifer' 
