I c o 
ribs of whales ifervnig them for their beams. The jaws of 
thefe animals ferved them for doors; and the mortars 
wherein they pounded their filh, and baked it at the fun, 
were nothing elfe but their vertebrae. 
ICTHYOPH'AGIST, /. [of a fifh, and (pctyu, Gr. 
to eat.] A filh-eater. 
ICHTHYOPH'AGY, f. Diet of fifh ; the practice of 
eating fifh. 
ICHTHYO'SIS,/ [from vet , Gr. the fcale of a fifh, 
which it refembles.] A harfh, dry, fcqly, and almoft horny, 
texture of the fkin, differing from leprofy by its not fall¬ 
ing off in branny feales. Above and below the elbow and 
knee, Dr. VVillan obferves, that the feales are fmall, round¬ 
ed, and papillary, of a black colour; the papillae have fliort 
narrow necks, with broad irregular tops. On the reft of 
the body they are large and imbricated, fometimes divided 
by whitilh furrows. The. inner part of the wrifts and 
hams, the infide of the elbow, and the furrow along each 
fide of the fpir.e, the inner and upper part of the thigh, 
are ufually free. The difeafe appears to be conllitutional, 
not hereditary. Two cafes of a horny ichthyofis imped¬ 
ing the motion of the mufcles, are deferibed in the 68th 
volume of the Phiiofophical Tranlaftions. 
ICHTHYPE'RIA, f. in natural hiftory, a name given 
by Dr. Hill to the bony palates and mouths of fifhes, ufu¬ 
ally met with either foffile, in fihgle pieces, or in frag¬ 
ments. They are of the fame fubltance with the bufo- 
nitse; and are of very various figures, fome broad and 
fhort, others.longer and (lender ; lome very gibbofe, and 
others plainly arched. They are likewdfe of various fizes, 
from the tenth of an inch to two inches in length, and an 
inch in breadth. 
ICH'THYS, f. in antiquity, the celebrated acroftic of 
the Erythraean Sibyl, fo called from its initials. 
ICKU'A TOWN, in the Geneffee country in the date 
of New York, is an Indian village at the mouth of Ichua 
Creek, a north-eaftern head-water of Alleghany river. It 
is fixty miles eafterly of Fort Erie, and lixty-leven fouth- 
weft-by-fouth of'Hartford, on Geneffee river. 
FCICLE, f. A (hoot of ice commonly hanging down 
from the upper part.—If diftilled vinegar or aqua-fortis be 
poured into the powder of loadffone, the fubiiding pow¬ 
der, dried, retains fome magnetical virtue ; but if the men- 
ffruum be evaporated to a confidence, and afterwards doth 
fhoot into icicles, or cryftals, the loadltone hath no power 
xipon them. Brown. 
From locks uncomb’d, and from the frozen beard, 
tong iacAs.depend, and cracking founds are heard. Dryel. 
I'CINESS, f. The ffate of generating ice. 
ICK'ENILD-STREET, an old Roman highway, de¬ 
nominated from the Icenians, which extended from Yar¬ 
mouth in Norfolk, the eaft part of the kingdom of the 
Iceni, to Barley in Hertfordlbire, giving name in the way 
to feveral villages, as Ickworth, Icklingham, and Ickle- 
ton, in that kingdom. From Barley to Royfton it divides 
the counties of Cambridge and Hertford. From Ickle-. 
ford it runs by Tring, croffes Bucks and Oxford (hire, 
paffes the Thames at Goring, and extends to the weft part 
of England. 
ICK'ER or Jecicek., a river of Germany, which runs 
into the Medfe near MSeftricht. 
ICOLMKILLk See Iona. 
I'CON, f. [Greek.] A picture or reprefentation.—Boy- 
fardus, in his traft of divination, hath let forth-the icons 
of thefe ten, yet added two others. Brown. 
ICO'NIUM, at prefent Cogni, formerly the capital city 
of Lycaonia in Afia Minor. St. Paul, coming to Iconium 
(Afts xiii. 51. xiv. i. &c.) in the year of Chrift 45, con¬ 
verted many Jews and'Gentiles there. It is believed that, 
in his firft journey to this city, he' converted St. The.cla, 
ip celebrated in-the writings of the ancient fathers. But 
fome incredulous jews excited the Gentiles to rife againft 
Paul and, Barnabas, fo that they were upon the point of 
offering violence to them, which obliged St, Paul and St. 
V,o.L. X. No, 7x1, 
I C O 7 b 3 
Barnabas to fly for fecurity to the neighbouring cities 
St. Paul undertook a fecond journey to Iconium in the 
year 51 ; but we know no particulars of his journey which 
relate,peculiarly to Iconium. 
ICON'OCLAST, f. [from stxav, an image, and xXdrtir, 
to break.] A breaker of images; a name which the church 
of Rome gives to all who rejeft the ufe of images in religi¬ 
ous matters. In this fenfe, not only the reformed, but 
fome of the eaftern churches, are called iconoclajls, and ef- 
teemed by them heretics, as oppofmg the vvorlhip of the 
images of God and the faints, and breaking their figures 
and reprefentations in churches. 
Tlx; oppofition to images began in Greece under the 
reign of Bardanes, who was created emperor of the Greeks 
a little after .the commencement of the eighth century, 
when the worlhip of them became common. But the tu¬ 
mults occafioned by it were quelled by a devolution, 
which, in 713, deprived Bardanes of the imperial throne. 
The difpute, however, broke out with redoubled fury un¬ 
der Leo the Ifaurian, who iffued out an edift in the year 
726, abrogating, as iome lay, the worlhip of images, and 
ordering all the images, except that of Chrift’s cruci¬ 
fixion, to be removed out of the churches; but according 
to others, this edict only prohibited the paying to them 
any kind of adoration or worlhip. This edift occafioned 
a civil war, which broke out in the iilands of the Archi¬ 
pelago, and by the fuggeltions of the priefts and monks, 
ravaged a part of Afia, and aftervyards reached Italy. The 
civil commotions and iniurreftions in Italy were chiefly 
promoted by the Roman pontiffs, Gregory I.-and II. Leo 
was excommunicated, and his fubjefts in the Italian pro¬ 
vinces violated their allegiance, and, rifing in arms, either 
maflacred or banilhed all the emperor’s deputies and offi¬ 
cers. In confequence of thefe proceedings, Leo affem- 
bled a council at Conftantinople in 730, which degraded 
Germanus, the bilhop of that city, who was a patron of 
images; and he ordered all the images to be publicly 
burnt, and inflicted a variety of fevere pur.ilhments upon 
fuch as were attached to that idolatrous worlhip. Hence 
arole two factions: one of which adopted the adoration 
and worlhip of images, and on that account were called 
iconoduli or iconolatra ; and the other maintained that fuch 
worlhip was unlawful, and that nothing was more worthy 
the zeal of Chriftians than to dernolilh and dellroy thole 
ftatues and pictures which were the occafions of this grofs 
idolatry; and hence they were diftinguilhed.by the titles 
of iconomachi (from ivkui, image,, and I contend) , 
and iconoclajla. The zeal ol Gregory II. in favour of 
image-worlhip was not only imitated, but even lirrpaffed, 
by his fucceffor Gregory III. in conlequence of which the 
Italian provinces were torn from the Grecian empire. 
Conftantine, called Copronymus, (from xvnrgo;, dung, . 
and ovo[j.a, name, becaufe he was laid to have defiled the 
facred font at his baptifm,) fucceeded his father Leo in 
741, and in 7 54 convened a council at Conftantinople, re¬ 
garded by the Greeks as v the fevenih oecumenical coun¬ 
cil, which folemnly condemned the worlhip and ufe of 
images. Thole who, notvvithftanding this decree of the 
council, railed commotions in the ftate, were feverely pu- 
nilhed ; and new laws were enafted, to let bounds to the 
violence of monaftic rage. Leo IV. who was declared 
emperor in 775, purluecithe fame meafures, and had re- 
courle to the coercive influence of penal laws, in order to . 
extirpate idolatry out of the Chriftian church, Irene, the 
wife of Leo, poifoued her hulband in 78.9 ; affumed the 
reins of empire during the minority of her fan Ccmltan- 
tine; and in 786 lummoned a council at Nice in Bithy- 
nia, known by the name of the fecond Nicene council, which 
abrogated the laws and decrees againft the new idolatry, 
reftored the worlhip of images and of the crofs, and de¬ 
nounced fevere punilhmen.ts againft thole who maintained 
that God was the only objeft of religious, adoration. In 
this conteft, the Britons',' Germans, and Gauls, were of 
opinion, that images 'might be lawfully continued in 
churches, but they conftdered' the worlhip of them as high- 
