ICO 
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ly injurious and offenfive to the Supreme Beinc. Char¬ 
lemagne diftingaiflxed himfelf as a mediator in this con¬ 
troverfy : he Ordered four books concerning images to be 
compoied, refuting the reafons urged by the Nicene bi- 
Ihops to juftify.the worfhip of images, which he fent to 
Adrian the Roman pontiff in 790, in order to engage him 
to withdraw his approbation of the decrees of the laft 
council of Nice. Adrian wrote an anfwerj and in 794, 
a council of three hundred bifhops, affembled by Charle¬ 
magne at Frankfort on the Maine, confirmed the opinion 
contained in the four books, and folemnly condemned the 
worfhip of images. 
In the Greek church, after the banifhment of Irene, 
the controverfy concerning images broke out anew, and 
was carried on by the contending parties, during the half 
of the ninth century, with various and uncertain fuccefs. 
The emperor Nicephorus appears upon the whole to have 
been an enemy to this worfhip. His fucceffor, Michael 
Ciiropalates, furnamed Rhangabe, patronized and encou¬ 
raged it. But the lcene changed on the acceflion of Leo 
the Armenian to the empire; who affembled a council at 
Conftanfinople in 814, that abolifhed the decrees of the 
Nicene council. His fucceffor Michael, furnamed Bal- 
bus, difapproved the worfhip of images, and his fon Theo- 
philus treated them with great feverity. Howeva - , the 
emprefs Theodora, after his death, and during the mino¬ 
rity of her fon, affembled a council at Conftantinople in 
84a, which reinftated the decrees of the fecond Nicene 
council, and encouraged image-worfhip by a law. The 
council held at the fame place under Photius, in 879, and 
reckoned by the Greeks the eighth general council, con¬ 
firmed and renewed the Nicene decrees. In commemo¬ 
ration of this council, a feftival was inftituted by the fu- 
perftitious Greeks, called by them the feafi of orthodoxy . 
The Latins were generally of opinion, that images 
might be fuffered as .the means of aiding the memory of 
the" faithful, and of calling to their remembrance the pious 
exploits and virtuous actions of the perfons whoni they 
reprefented ; but they detefted all thoughts of paying them 
the leaft mark of religious homage or adoration. The 
■council of Paris, affembled in 824 by Louis the Meek, re- 
folved to allow the ufe of images in the churches, but fe- 
verely prohibited rendering them religious worfhip. Ne- 
Verthelefs, towards the concluiion of this century, the 
Gallican clergy began to pay a kind of religious homage 
to the images of faints, and their example was followed 
by the Germans and other nations. However, the icono- 
clafts ftill had their adherents among the Latins ; the moft 
eminent of whom was Claudius bifhop of Turin, who, in 
823, ordered all images, and even the crofs, to be call out 
of the churches, and committed to the flames; and he 
wrote a treatife, in which he declared both againft the ufe 
and worfhip of them. He condemned relics, pilgrimages 
to the Holy Land, and all voyages to the tombs of faints ; 
and to his writings and labours it was owing, that the city 
of Turin, and the adjacent country, was, for a long time 
after his dearth, much lefs infected with fuperftition than 
the other parts of Europe. 
The controverfy concerning the ianftity of images was 
again revived by Leo bifhop of Chalcedon, in the nth 
century, on occaflon of the emperor Alexius’s converting 
the figures of lilver that adorned the portals of the 
churches into money, iri order to fupply the exigencies of 
the ftate. The bifhop obftinately maintained that he had 
been guilty of facrilege; and pubiifhed a treatife, in which 
he affirmed, that in thefe images there refuted, an inherent 
fandity, and that the adoration of Chrifians ought not to be con¬ 
fined to the perfons reprefented by thefe images, but extended to 
'the images themfelves. The emperor affembled a council at 
Conftantinople, which determined, that the images of 
Chrift and of the faints were to be honoured only with a 
relative worfhip ; and that invocation and worfhip were 
to be addreffed to the faints only as the fervants of Chrift, 
and on account of their relation to him, as their mafter. 
Leo, diffatisfred even with thefe abfurd and fuperltitious 
I C T 
decisions, was fent into banifhment. In the weftem 
church, the worfhip of images was difapproved and op- 
poled by feveral confiderable parties, as the Petrobruffians, 
Albigenfes, Waldenfes, &c. till at length this idolatrous 
p raft ice was entirely abolifhed in many parts of the Chrif- 
tian world by the reformation. 
ICONOG'RAPHY, f The aefeription of images or 
ancient ftatues of marble and copper; alfo of bufts and fe- 
mi-bufts, penates, paintings in frefco, mofaic works, and 
ancient pieces of miniature. 
ICONOL'ATER,/ [of sistwi', an image, and hfgevcj, Gr. 
to worfhip.] A worfhipper of images. The great ftrug- 
gle in the Greek church between the oppofers of image- 
worfhip and its votaries, held, according to Mede, from 
A.C. 720 till after 840, i.e. for about 120 years. It was 
eftablifhed by a packed council (as he calls it) at Nice, 
under the emprefs Irene; and was at the fame time (or 
rather long before) moft ftrenuoufly efpoufed by the hi¬ 
lltops of Rome. We Laid long before, for Bale, our coun¬ 
tryman relates, that about the year 712, one Egwin of 
Worcefter published certain revelations, or vifions he had 
feen, wherein he was enjoined to let up in his diocefe of 
Worcefter the image of the bleffed Virgin for the people 
to worfhip; which pope Conftantine I. having made him 
confirm by oath, not only ratified by his bull, but caufed 
Brithwald, the arclibifttop, to hold a council of the whole 
clergy at London to commend them to the people : “And 
thus you fee,” fays Mede, (after having told us how the 
invocation of faints was introduced by St. Bafil and the 
two Gregories about the year 370,) “ you fee, how the 
firft-born and moft ancient part of the doftrine of dae¬ 
mons, i. e. the deifying of faints and martyrs, was ad¬ 
vanced by. the hypocrify of liars [alluding to that predic¬ 
tion of St. Paul, 1 Tim. iv. x, 2, &c.] The fame you lhall 
find to be verified alfo in the advancing of the next-horn 
daemonalatry, image-worfhip; and of the third, the idola¬ 
try of the mafs-god ; all brought in and eftablifhed by the 
means and ways afore named.” Mode’s Works, p. 684-587. 
ICONOL'OGY, f . The doftrine of pifture or repre- 
fentation. 
ICOSAHE'DRON, f . in geometry, a regular folid, con¬ 
fiding of twenty triangular pyramids, whole vertexes meet 
in the centre of a lphere fuppofed to circumfcribe it, and 
therefore have their height and bafes equal; wherefore the 
lblidity of one of thefe pyramids multiplied by 20, the 
number of bafes, gives the folid contents of the icofahedron. 
ICOSAND'RIA, f . [eikoc-i, twenty, and a huf- 
band.) The name of the twelfth clafs in the Linmean 
fyftern ; comprehending thofe plants which have herma¬ 
phrodite flowers, with twenty or more ftamens growing 
on the iniide of the calyx, not on the receptacle. The 
fituation, and not the number, of the ftamens, is here to 
be attended to. The calyx alfo is monophyllous and con¬ 
cave in this clafs ; and the claws of the petals are fixed into 
the infide of the calyx. See the article Botany, vol. iii. 
p. 257, 270, and Plate X. and XII. 
ICTER'ICAL, f. \_iclerique, Fr. iderus, Lat.] Afflicted 
with the jaundice.—In the jaundice the cholefi is wanting, 
and the iderical have a great fournefs, and gripes with 
windinefs. FLoyer. 
ICTER'ICAL, adj. Good againft the jaundice. 
IC'TERUS, f. [from nthpo?, Gr. the golden thrufh, the 
complexion of the patien.t refembling in colour the plu¬ 
mage of that bird.] The Jaundice. It is owing to an 
obftruftion of the difeharge of the bile into the bowels, 
and its return into the blood by the abiorbents. For the 
caufe and cure, fee the article Pathology. 
ICTI'NUS, a celebrated Greek architeft who lived about 
430 C. built feveral magnificent temples, and among 
others that of Minerva at Athens. 
IC'TUS, f [Latin.] A ftroke or blow. Biting or fringe 
ing. A blaft, puff, &c. 
IC'TUS Ctecus, or Ictus Orbis, in old writers a bruife 
or (welling; any fort of maim or hurt without breaking the 
(kin, as diltinguifhed from a wound. 
ICULIS'MA, 
