JEW. 709 
cusToufly wrought. The fuperflrufture, however, which 
was improperly reared on the old foundation without fuffi- 
cient additions, proved too heavy, and funk down about 
twenty cubits ; io that its height was reduced to 100. 
This foundation was of an aftoniftiing itrength and height, 
of which an account is given under the article Jerusa¬ 
lem. The platform was a regular fquare of a ftadium or 
furlong on each fide. Each front of the fquare had a fpa- 
cious gate or entrance, enriched with fuitable ornaments; 
but that on the weft had four gates, one of which led to 
the palace, another to the city, and the two others to the 
fuburbs and fields. This inclofure was furrounded on the 
outfide with a ftrong and high wall of large ftones, well 
cemented ; and on the infide had on each front a ftately 
piazza or gallery-, fupported ’by columns of l'uch a bignefs, 
that three men could but juft embrace them, their cir¬ 
cumference being about twenty-fcven feet. There were 
in all 162 of.them, which fupported a cedar ceiling of 
excellent workmanfhip, and formed three galleries, the 
middlemoft of which was the largeft and higheft/it being 
forty-five feet in breadth and 100 in height, whereas 
thole on each fide were but thirty feet wide and fifty in 
height. 
The piazzas and court were paved with marble of va¬ 
rious colours; and, at a fma'll diftance from the galleries, 
was a fecood inclofure, furrounded with a flight of beau¬ 
tiful marble rails, with ftately columns at proper diftances, 
on which were engraven certain admonitions in Greek 
and Latin, to forbid Arrangers, and thole Jews that were 
not purified, to proceed farther under pain of death. 
This inclofure had but one gate on the eaftr fide; none on 
the weft; but on the north and fouth it had three, placed 
at equal diftances from each other. 
A third inclofure furrounded the Temple, properly fo 
called, and the altar of burnt offerings ; and made what 
they called the Court of the^Hebrews, or Ifraelites. It was 
lquare like the reft; but the wall on the outfide.was fur¬ 
rounded by a flight of fourteen fteps, which hid a conli- 
derable part of it; and on the top was a terrace, of about 
twelve cubits in breadth, which went quite round the 
whole cinfture. The eall fide had but one gate; the weft 
none ; and the north and fouth four, at equal diftances. 
Each gate was afcended by five fteps more before one 
could reach the level of the inward court; fothat the wall 
which inclofed it appeared within to be but twenty-five 
cubits high, though confiderably higher on the outfide. 
On the infide of each of thole gates were railed a couple 
of lpacious fquare chambers, in form of a pavilion, thirty 
cubits wide and forty in height, each fupported by co¬ 
lumns of twelve cubits in circumference. This inclofure 
had likewife a double flight of galleries on the infide, 
fupported by a double row of columns; but the weftern 
fide was only one continued wall, without gates or galle¬ 
ries. The women had likewife their particular court fe- 
parate from that of the men, and one of the gates on the 
north and fouth leading to it. The altar of burnt-offer¬ 
ings was likewife high and fpacious, being forty cubits in 
breadth, and fifteen in height. The alcent to it was, ac¬ 
cording to the Mofaic law, frnooth, and without fteps ; 
and the altar of unhewn ftones. It was furrounded, at a 
convenient diftance, with a low wall or rail, which di¬ 
vided the court of the priefts from that of the lay Ifrael¬ 
ites ; fo that thefe laft were allowed to come thus far to 
bring their offerings and facrifices ; though none but the 
priefts were allowed to come within that inclofure. 
Herod caufied a new dedication of this temple to be 
performed with the utmoft magnificence ; and prefented 
to it many rich trophies of his former victories, after the 
cuftom of the Jewifh monarchs. 
This, and many other magnificent works, however, did 
not divert the king’s attention from his ufual jealoufies, 
and cruelty. His filler Salome, and one of his fonsnamed 
Antipater, taking advantage of this difpofition, prompted 
him to murder his two fons by Mariamue, named Alex¬ 
ander and Aviftpbul.usj who. had been educated at the 
court of Auguftus in Italy, and were juftly admired by- 
all who fajv them. His cruelty foon after broke out in 
an impotent attempt to deftroy the Saviour of the world, 
but which was attended with no other confequence than 
the deltruftion of 2000 innocent children of his own fub- 
jefts. His mifery was almoft brought to its fummit by 
the difcovery of Antipater’s defigns againft himfelf; who 
was accordingly tried and condemned for treafon. Some¬ 
thing Hill more dreadful, however, yet awaited him; he 
was feized with a moft loathfome and incurable difeafe, 
in which he was tormented with intolerable painsj fo that 
his life became a burden. At laft he died, to the great 
joy of the Jews, five days after he had put Antipater to 
death, and after having divided his kingdom among his 
fons in the following manner: Archelaus. had Judea; 
Antipas, dr Herod, was tetrarch of Galilee and Perea; 
and Philip had the regions of Trachonitis, Gaulonitis, 
Batanea, and Panias, which he erected likewife into a te- 
trarchy. To his filler Salome he gave 50,000 pieces of 
money, together with the cities of Jamnia, Azotus, and 
Phafaelis; befides fome confiderable legacies to his other 
relations. See the article Herod, vol.ix. p. 818. 
Tumults, feditions, and in fur reft ions, quickly followed, 
Archelaus was oppofed by his brethren, and obliged to 
appear at Rome before Auguftus, to whom many com¬ 
plaints were brought againft him. After hearing both 
parties, the emperor made the following divilion of the 
kingdom : Archelaus had one half, under the title of eth~ 
narch, or governor of a nation ; together with a promile 
that he ftiould have the title of king, as, foon as he (flowed 
himfelf worthy of it. This ethnarchy contained Judea 
Propria, Idumea, and Samaria: but this laft was exempted 
from one-fourth of the taxes paid by the reft, on account 
of the peaceable behaviour of the inhabitants during the 
late tumults. The remainder was divided between Philip 
and Herod ; the former of whom had Trachonitis, Bata¬ 
nea, and Auranitis, together with a final! part of Galilee 5 
the latter had the reft of Galilee and the countries be¬ 
yond the Jordan. Salome had half a million of filver, to¬ 
gether with the cities of Jamnia, Azotus, Phafaelis, and 
Afcalpn. 
For fome years Archelaus enjoyed his government in 
peace ; but at laft, both Jews and Samaritans, tired out - 
with his tyrannical behaviour, joined in a petition to Au- 
gnltus againft him. The emperor immediately lunnnoned 
him to Rome, where, having heard his accufation and 
defence, he banilhed him to the city of Vienne in Dau- 
phiny, and confifcated all his effefts. Judea, being by 
this fentence reduced to a Roman province, was ordered 
to be taxed : and Cyrenius the governor of Syria, a man 
of confular dignity,, was lent thither to fee it put in exe¬ 
cution : which having done, and Ibid the palaces of Ar¬ 
chelaus, and feized upon all his treal’ure, he returned to 
Antioch, leaving the Jews in no fmall ferment on account 
of this new tax. 
Thus were the feeds of diflenfion fown between the 
Jews and Romans, which ended in. the moft lamentable 
cataftrophe of the former. The Jews, always impatient of 
a foreign yoke, knew from their prophecies that the time 
was now come when the Mefliah fhotild appear. Qf cou- 
fequence, as they expected him to be a great and power¬ 
ful warrior, their rebellious and feditions fpirit was height- 
ened to the greateft degree; and they imagined they had 
nothing to do but to take tip arms, and victory would 
immediately declare on. their fide. From this time, there¬ 
fore, the country was never quiet; and the infatuated 
people, while they rejefted the true Meftiah, gave them- 
felves up to the direction of every impoftor who chofe.to 
lead them to their own deltruftion. The governors ap¬ 
pointed by the Romans were alfo frequently changed, but 
feldom for the better. About the 16th year of Chrift, 
Pontius Pilate was appointed governor ; .the whole of 
whofe adminiftration, according to Jofephus, was one con¬ 
tinued lcene of venality, rapine, tyranny, and every, wicked 
aftion ; of racking and putting innocent men to death, 
s untried. 
