LAN 
LAND'-FALL, / A fudden tranflatioil of property in 
land by the death of a rich man. A conjecture of being 
within fight of land ; the a£l of falling in with the land. 
LAND'-FLOOD, f. Inundation.—Apprehenfions of 
the affections of Kent, and all other places, looked like 
a land-flood, that might roll they knew not how far. Cla¬ 
rendon. 
LAND-FOR'CES, f. Warlike powers not naval ; fol- 
diers that ferve on land.—We behold in France the greatelt 
land-forces that have ever been known under any chriltian 
prince. Temple. 
LAND'-GABEL, f. A tax or rent iffuing out of land. 
Spelman fays it was originally a penny forevery boufe. This 
land-gabel, or land-gavel, in the regljler of Domefday, 
was a quit-rent for the fite of a lioule, or the land where¬ 
on it flood, the fame with what we now call ground-rent. 
LAN'D'-GUARD,y.' A fort of fence or embarkment 
conftruCled of ftones, wood, or other materials, on the 
borders of rivers and brooks, in order to prevent their 
overflowing and carrying away the land. The cafes in 
which they become more particularly neceflary, are where 
they are confined in the parts where they are required to 
bend, by rocks or other means, to an unaltered channel; 
it often takes place in hilly fituations, and where deep 
pools occur in fuch parts at low water, fo as to render it 
difficult or impoffible to pro vide a good foundation for a pier. 
LAND'-HERD, f. Cattle grazing on land: 
Thefe fame, the fhepherd told me, were the fields 
In which Dame Cynthia her land-herds fed. Spenfcr. 
LAND'-HOLDER, f One who holds lands.—Money, 
as neceflary to trade, may be confidered as in his hands 
that pays the labourer and land-holder ; and, if this man 
wants money, the manufacture is not made, and fo the 
trade is loft. Locke. 
LAND -JOBBER, f. One who buys and fells land for 
other men.—If your matter be a minifter of ftate, let him 
be at home to none but land-jobbers, or inventors of new 
funds. Swift. 
LAND'-LAYED, adj. [a fea term.] Having the land 
juft out of fight. 
LAND'-LOCKED, adj. Shut in orenclofed with land. 
—There are few natural parts better land-locked , and clofed 
-on all fides, than this feems to have been. Addfon on Italy. 
LAND'-LOPER, f. \_land, and lopen, Dut.] A landman; 
a term of reproach ufed by feamen of thofe who pafs their 
lives on fliore. Corrupted into land-lubber. 
LAND'-MARK, / Any thing fet up to preferve the 
boundaries of land.—The land marks by which places in 
the church had been known were removed. Clarendon. 
Then land-marks limited to each his right; 
For all before was common as the light. Dryden. 
Land-mark, at fea, is any mountain, rock, fteeple, 
windmill, tree, or the like, near the fea-fide, which ferve 
to direct fhips pafling by how to fleer, fo as to avoid cer¬ 
tain dangers, be they rocks, flioals, whirlpools, &c. 
LAND'-REEVE, f. A perfon whofe bufinels it is to 
overlook certain parts of a farm or eftate ; to attend, not 
only to the woods and hedge-timber, but alfo to the ftate 
of the fences, gates, buildings, private roads, drift-ways, 
and water-courles : and likewife to the flocking of com¬ 
mons, and encroachments of every kind; as well as to 
prevent or deteCl wafte and fpoil in general, whether by 
the tenants of the eftate, or others; and to report the 
lame to the manager or land-fteward. AClive intelligent 
tenants, of known integrity, are generally the moft fuita- 
hle perfons for having the management of this fort of trull 
confided in them. 
LAND'-SPRINGS, f. Such as rife, or are produced in 
lands, at fome confiderable depth, from the water being 
obftrufted in its defcent by fome fort of impenetrable ma¬ 
terial, as clay, &c. and thus forced up to the furface, 
where it breaks or oozes out, having different appearances, 
Vgl. XII. No. 817. 
LAN 137 
according to the nature of the foil and fituation in which 
it occurs. 
LAND'-STEWARD, f. The common name of a perfon 
who overlooks or ha's the management of a farm or eftate. 
The number, defcription, and qualities, of land-ftewards 
nnift be regulated according to the nature and extent of 
the property, and the particular circumftances of the pro¬ 
prietor. With an ample fnare of agricultural knowledge, 
they ought to have a thorough infight into the nature of 
every improvement of which eftates may be capable, whe¬ 
ther upon or beneath the furface; or from its local fitua¬ 
tion, whether inland or upon the fea-coaft. They fliouid 
be well verfed in, and qualified to fuperintend, the cul¬ 
ture of wafte lands, the difpofal of timber, the eradica¬ 
tion or planting of woods, irrigation and warping, drain¬ 
age, embankment, and the recovery of land from the fea, 
the cutting of canals, the laying out and repairing of 
roads, the conftru&ion of bridges, mills, and engines; and 
be pofl'efi'ed of a confiderable ikill in rural architecture of 
every kind. Nor is it lefs neceflary that they thoroughly 
comprehend the nature of all the various methods i:i 
which inoney-bufinefs is tranfafled ; together with the ad¬ 
vantage of bargaining in the purchafe or Tales of eftates. 
Their intelligence ought alfo to extend to the valuable 
inventions and improvements of other countries, as well 
as thofe of their own ; which, whether in the mechanical 
or agricultural relation, they fliouid life their beft means 
to introduce, and Fairly experiment upon the eftates un¬ 
der their care, with the honourable and patriotic views 
both of private and national benefit. In fliort, with fujfi- 
cient honcjly, a mind amply replenilhed, a cool, deliberate, 
and calculating, head, and a quick difcernment, they fliouid 
lay hold of every occafion, as it fprings, to enhance the 
worth, the reputation, and the embellithment, of the pro¬ 
perty committed to their charge. 
It is remarked, by the writer of a work on Landed Pro¬ 
perty, that on a large eftate arefident manager is generally- 
found, “ a land-fteward, a man who has fome knowledge 
of what is termed country-bufinefs, and who afts, under 
the controul of his employer, or of a confidential friend 
who is more converfant in rural concerns, or perhaps of 
a law-agent who knows lefs of them and that fuch re- 
fiding fteward, efpecially of a detached eftate, which lies 
at fome diftance from the refidence of its proprietor, afts 
without controul. In this cafe, if he is a man of judg¬ 
ment and integrity, he becomes, at lead in the eyes of the 
tenantry, a fuperior being; frequently, in their minds, a 
more exalted character than their landlord,—than the pro¬ 
prietor himfelf, who, perhaps, never defigned to glance 
his eye upon them or their lands.” But that, “on the 
contrary, if l’uch poffeffory manager wants thofe requifite 
qualifications, the confequence becomes mifchievous to 
the lands, their occupiers, their proprietor, and the com¬ 
munity. If this unprincipled agent has an intereft in the 
derangement of the eftate, and the ruin which will follow, 
and is fuffered to make ufe of it, the crime of neglefl, on 
the part of the proprietor, might well be cognizable as a 
crime againft the public.” 
LAND-SURVEY'.OR, /. One whofe bufinefs is the 
planning and fiirveying of lands or eftates. 
LAND'-TAX, f. Tax laid upon land and houfes.—If 
mortgages were regiilered, land-taxes might reach the 
lender to pay his proportion. Locke. 
The land-tax, in its modern thape, has fuperfeded all 
the former methods of rating either property or perfons in 
refpeft of their property’, whether by tenths or fifteenths, 
fubftdies on land, hydages, fcutages, or talliages; a fliort 
explication of which will, however, greatly aflift us in 
underftanding our ancient laws and hiflory. 
Tenths and fifteenths were temporary aids iffuing out 
of perfonal property, and granted to the king by parlia¬ 
ment. They were formerly the real tenth or fifteenth part 
of all the moveables belonging to the fubjeft ; when fuch 
moveables, or perfonal eftates, were a very different and 
N n a much 
