LAN 
Soon after William was feated on the throne of Eng¬ 
land, he fent Lanfranc to Rome, to negociate with Alex¬ 
ander IL about the million of legates to England, to crown 
him, and to regulate the affairs of the church. William 
feems now to have formed the defign of depriving the moft 
eminent of the Englilh clergy of their dignities, in order 
to bellow them on his countrymen, or fuch on whofe at¬ 
tachment he could depend. After his coronation had 
taken place, the papal legates held a great council of the 
Englifh clergy, in the prefence of the king, at Winchef- 
ter; in which, among other dignified clergy and prelates 
who were depofed, on various pretences, was Stigand 
archbilhop of Canterbury. To this fee Lanfrac was elect¬ 
ed, and would have declined the honour, but was obliged 
to accept it by the exprefs order of pope Alexander II. 
Even after his confecration, he earneftly, but ineffectual¬ 
ly, entreated his holinefsto permit him to refign his arch- 
bilhopric, and to retire into a monaftery. Lanfranc was 
confecrated archbifhop of Canterbury in 1070; and in the 
following year he went to Rome, together with the new 
archbilhop of York, that they might receive their palls. 
On this occafion he was received with peculiar refpeCt by 
pope Alexander, who had ftudied under him at Bee; and 
he defended before his holinefs the claims of his lee to 
fuperiority over that of York. Alexander, however, un¬ 
willing to offend either of the prelates, or to difoblige the 
king of England, declined to give any judgment in that 
matter, and declared that it ought to be determined by an 
Englilh fynod. Accordingly, two great councils were 
held, in the year 1072, in which this queltion was debated 
with great warmth, in the prefence of the king, queen, 
and all the court, and at length determined in favour of 
Canterbury. After this, Lanfranc prelided in different 
councils of the clergy of both provinces, in which feveral 
ecclefiaftical canons were made, by which a change was 
produced in the condition of the clergy, as well as in the 
creed of the church of England. By one of thofe canons, 
the fecular clergy who had wives were allowed to keep 
them ; which is a fufficient proof that they formed a very 
owerful party; but thofe who had not wives were for-' 
idden to marry; and bilhops were prohibited for the fu¬ 
ture to ordain any man who had a wife. By others the 
doCtrine of tranlubftantiation was promulgated, which 
Was little known, and lefs regarded, in this ifland before 
this period. Indeed, Lanfranc was one of the moft zea¬ 
lous champions for that doCtrine of the age in which he 
lived, and employed the weapons of dialectics with great 
ingenuity and add refs in defence of it, both before and 
after his elevation to the fee of Canterbury. After pre- 
fiding over the church of Canterbury nineteen years, Lan¬ 
franc died in 1089. He is celebrated by our ancient hif- 
torians for his wifdom, learning, munificence, and other 
virtues. He is particularly praifed for his charity, which 
is faid to have been fo great, that he bellowed in that way 
no lefs than five hundred pounds a-year; a prodigious 
fum in thofe times, and equal in value to at lea ft feven 
thoufand five hundred pounds at prefent. He alfo ac¬ 
quired a high reputation by his writings, which, confider- 
ing the age in which he lived, difeover an uncommon mea- 
fure of fagacity and erudition, and are entitled to com¬ 
mendation for the purity of their Latinity. They confift 
of, 1. Commentaries upon the Epiftles of St. Paul. 2. A 
Commentary upon the Pfalms. 3. A Treatife concerning 
Confelfion. 4. A Differtation concerning the Body and 
Blood of Chrift in the Eucharift, in oppolition to Beren- 
ger. 5. A collection of Ihort, but interefting, Letters to 
Pope Alexander II. to Hildebrand, while archdeacon of 
Rome, and to feveral bilhops in England and Normandy. 
They were collected together, and publilhed, for the firft 
time, in 1648, in a folio volume, and illuftrated with va¬ 
luable notes, by Luke d’Achery, a Benedictine of the con¬ 
gregation of St. Maur. Mojheim . 
LAM'FRANC, aphyfician and furgeon of Milan in the 
thirteenth century. He left his native country, in confe- 
xjugnee of forae perfecuUpns that; he had fuffered during. 
Ir 
LAN 147 
the troubles of the times, and went to France; and in the 
year 1295, having already obtained confiderable reputa¬ 
tion, was invited to Paris by many members of the facul¬ 
ty. His dexterity as an operator, his candour, and the 
energy with which he communicated his knowledge to 
others in his leCtures, gained him the relpect and elteeni 
of his profelfional brethren ; and he certainly contributed 
to the advancement of furgery, which was at that time at 
a very low ebb in France. Neverthelefs he held fome opi¬ 
nions adverfe to the progrefs of the art; he condemned 
the ufe of the trepan, and abfolutely forbade the operation 
of lithotomy, alleging that the extraction of a calculus 
rendered the patient impotent. He pointed out in ftrong 
terms the impropriety and danger of tents, which were 
generally employed at that time ; the practice, however, 
continued to be retorted to long after his animadverfions 
were made. He left two works in manufeript, which were 
depofited in the king’s library at Paris; the one entitled 
Chirurgia parva, the other Ars completa totius Chirur- 
gise, fivePraCtica major. They were printed at Venice in 
1490, with the title of Chirurgia magna et parva, in folio; 
have undergone feveral fubfequent editions, and have been 
tranllated into the French and German languages. Elov 
Dia. Hijt. 
LANFRAN'CO (Giovanni Maria daTerentio), an Ita¬ 
lian compofer, who, in 1538, publilhed Scintille di Mufica, 
or Sparks of Mafic; a work often quoted with great praile. 
It is now fo fcarce, that it would be difficult to find a 
copy of it throughout Italy. 
LANFRAN'CO (Giovanni), apainter of hiftory, whofe 
principal merit was the freedom and eafe with which he ma¬ 
naged large compofitions in their colour and execution, but 
to the great lofs of character and exprelfion. He was born 
at Parma in 1581, and was at firft a difciple of Agoftino 
Caracci, but afterwards ftudied under Annibale ; and, 
having obtained a great proficiency of handling, was em¬ 
ployed by that matter in his great work in the Farnefe pa¬ 
lace at Rome, part of which he executed fo well, that the- 
difference between his painting and that done by Anni¬ 
bale himfelf is fcarcely to be difcerned. Endowed by na¬ 
ture with a lively imagination, and having, after he left 
the Caracci, paid great attention to the artificial ftyle of 
Gorregio, particularly in the Duorao at Parma, and in the 
cupola there, he obtained a fondnefs for fore-fhortening, 
iofing fight of the fimplicity of nature, and indulging his 
fancy in ideal forms and groups, which, while they exhibit 
his Ikill, deprive him of a reputation for judgment or true 
tafte. He was, as M. Fufeli has obferved, “a machinift 
in art of the firft order, and taught his fucceffors the means 
of filling the eye at a great d ilia nee, by partly painting and 
partly leaving it to the air to paint.” His colour was pow¬ 
erful and rich, but not pure. He moft frequently employed 
very dark thadows, which give his pictures a heavy and 
fombrous appearance ; and, not being well veiled in chi-^ 
arofeuro, the lights in them are not unfrequently ill con¬ 
nected, or rather lack connection, and are too much in 
detached fpots. With thofe who prefer fpirit and dafh to 
more ftudied perfections, Lanfranco will, notwithftanding- 
his deficiencies, be always a favourite. He was engaged 
by Urban VIII. to paint the miracle of St. Peter walking 
on the water, for the grand cathedral dedicated to that 
faint in Rome; and he afforded his patron fo much plea- 
fure by his labour, that his holinefs conferred the honour 
of knighthood upon him. His pencil being.exceedingly 
rapid, and his life prolonged to the age of fixty-fix, his 
works are by no means fcarce, hut are to be met with in 
moft collections. He died in 1647. 
LANG, a narrow ifland of Denmark, little more than 
two miles in length, lituated in the Baltic, near the foutlx 
coaft of Laaland. Lat. 54. 42. N. Ion. 11. 20. E. 
LANG (John Michael), a German proteltanf divine and 
able orientaiill, was born at Ezelwangen, in the duchy of 
Sultzbach, in the year 1664. After he had received a 
clafiical education, he was fent to the univerfity of Alt- 
dorfi, in 1682, and there applied himfelf to the. ftudy of 
botauy 3 
