445 
LEE 
jnetlc, the folid contents of a fphere or globe, whofe cir¬ 
cumference is defcribed by that circle, will be 1728 times 
larger than a fphere of the fize of the animalcule. Next, 
I obferve another kind of animalcule, which, meafuring 
by my eye through a good microfcope, I judge the axis 
or thicknefs of it to be a fourth part of the fize of the 
flrft animalcule ; and then, by the fame rule, the fize of 
the fecond animalcule mult be 64 times le(s than that of 
the flrft ; and, if this laic number be multiplied by the 
former, (1728,) we fhall find that 110,592 animalcules ol 
that fize (fuppofing their bodies to be of a fpherical 
figure) will be required to make up the fize of the fphere 
fir It mentioned. Laftly, I perceive a third kind of ani¬ 
malcule, the fize of which appears to be only a tenth 
part of the lecond ; and that confequently 1000 of thefe 
will be no more than equal to the fize of that fecond. 
And, if this number be again multiplied by the former, 
it will be plain to demonftration that more than an hun¬ 
dred millions of animalcules can be contained within the 
cotnpafs of a grain of fand.” 
This pafi'age relpefts the fize of animalcules, which the 
author reprelents by coraparifon with the known fize of 
a grain of common (cowering or glafs-grinder’s fand. 
The other minute objects which he frequently defcribes, 
as the velfels in the bodies of infects, the threads of fpi- 
ders, the filaments or threads of wool, the fibres com- 
pofingthe flelli of animals, and the like 5 all thefe he con- 
fiders as of a cylindrical form, that is to fay, if hollow, 
like a round pipe, and, if folid, like a round (tick, wire, 
or rope; and he conveys to his readers an idea of their 
minutenefs, by comparing them with the known fize of 
a fingle hair. The method ufed by him in afcertaining 
this proportion he defcribes as follows : “ In examining 
the inteftines of flies and other infects by the microfcope, 
I have difcovered vell'els conveying the blood and juices, 
the fmalleft ramifications or branches whereof appeared to 
me more than two hundred thoufand times lets than a 
hair of my beard. And I will here explain how I com¬ 
pute this proportion, which to many may appear wonder¬ 
ful. I have a plate of copper, with many lines engraven 
on it, and divided into a number of final 1 equal parts. I 
then carefully obferve how many of thefe parts one hair 
taken from my beard, and feen through the microfcope, 
appears to cover. Suppofing that the diameter of this 
hair, when magnified, appears equal to fifty of thole parts, 
then with the point of a needle I.trace on the copper a 
line of the fame fize by the naked eye as is equal to one 
of thofe fmall veins or velfels in a fly, feen through the 
microfcope ; and I find that nine of thofe fmall lines fo 
traced with a needle, when placed clofe together, are a 
fiftieth part of the diameter of the hair. If then 450 dia¬ 
meters of thofe fmall veins which I molt plainly lee in a 
fly are no more than equal to the diameter of one hair 
taken from my beard, it follows, by the rules of arith¬ 
metic, that one of fuch hairs is more than 200,000 times 
larger than thofe very fmall blood-velfels in a fly.” The 
author here confiders the hair to be round, as well as the 
fmall velfels he alludes to ; and, fuppofing each of thefe- to 
be cut through or acrofs the middle, the leflion would ex¬ 
hibit a circle. Now, the areas of circles being in proportion 
to the fquares of their diameters, the author’s propofition is 
mathematically demonftrated thus: 450 X 450 = 202,500. 
Leeuwenhoek died in 1723, in his ninety-firft year. 
Befides his papers in the Philofophical Tran factions, he 
publilhed feveral works in Dutch. A collection of his 
writings (but not quite complete) was publilhed in Latin, 
at Leyden, in four vols. 4to. 1722 ; and an Englilh tranf- 
lation of his “ SelefI Works, from the original Dutch and 
Latin,” has been publilhed, in 3 vols. 4to. by Mr. Samuel 
Hoole, (brother to the poet,) who has kindly permitted 
\ts to copy the Portrait he has given of that celebrated 
microfcopic philofopher. 
LEEUWENHOEK/IA,/. [named in memory of the 
fubje&of the preceding article, whofe works, as Mr. Brown 
obferves, abound with excellent obfervations on the (true- 
Vex, XII. No, 843. 
L E F 
ture of vegetables.] In botany, a genus of the clafs gy- 
nandria, order diandria, natural order ftylidea;, Brown. 
Generic elfential character—Calyx fuperior, two-lipped, 
in five deep fegments; corolla tubular; limb irregular in 
five deep fegments ; the fifth (or lip) unlike the relt, 
vaulted, longer than the column, articulated with the 
tube, and moveable. Column eredf, attached below, like 
the lip, to the fide of the tube ; lobes of the antherae one 
above the other, divaricated ; ftigmas two, capillary ; cap- 
fule of one cell. 
Leeuwenhoekia pufilla, the only known fpecies, was 
found on the fouthern coaft of New Holland by Mr. Brown. 
Itisalittlefmoothherb, with nearly the afpeftand ftatureof 
Radioia. Leaves alternate, (talked ; thofe about the tops of 
the branches crowded, intermixed with cluttered flowers. 
The moveable joint of the lip is analagous to the irrita¬ 
bility in the column of Stylidium, and anfwers the fame 
end, which is the prefervation of the organs of impreg¬ 
nation ; for this lip, which is defiexed in the expanded 
flower, when affefted by any irritating caufe, is turned 
upwards with violence, fo as to cover the upright and 
immovable column with its concave part. Brown's Prodr. 
Nov. Roll. 572. 
LEE'WARD, adj. Towards the wind. See Lee. —The 
clajjicce were called long (hips, the oneraria round, becaufc 
of their figure approaching towards circular; this figure, 
though proper for the flowage of goods, was not the fit- 
left for failing, becaufe of the great quantity of leeward 
way, except when they failed full before the wind. Ar~ 
but knot. 
Let no ftatefman dare 
A kingdom to a (hip compare; 
Left he (hould call our commonweal 
A veflel with a double keel ; 
Which, juft like ours, new rigg’d and mann’d. 
And got about a league from land, 
By change of wind to leeward fide, 
The pilot knew not how to guide. Swift. 
LEE'WARD ISLANDS. The terms Leeward and 
Windward, applied to the Weft-India I/lands, were given 
them from their fituation in a voyage from the ports of 
Spain to Carthagena, or Porto Bello. The iflands which 
lie to leeward, extend from Porto Rico to Dominica. 
LF.F'CA, a town of the illahd of Cyprus ; the residence 
of an aga and a cadi. It was one of the four cities that 
bore the name of Arfinoe : twenty-eight miles north- 
north-eaft of Saffa. 
LEF'KEH, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the province 
of Natolia. In the neighbourhood is a convent, in which 
a Greek bifhop refides: fixteen miles louth-eaft of Ifnik, 
and forty-five eaft-north-eaft of Burfa. 
LEFOO'GA, one of the Hapaee iflands, in the South 
Pacific Ocean, and confidered as the moft fertile. This 
ifland is in many refpefts luperior to Annamooka ; the 
plantations were both more numerous and more extenfive. 
In many places, indeed, towards the fea, the country is 
Hill walte ; owing perhaps to its fandy foil, as it is much 
lower than Annamboka and its furrounding ifles; but to¬ 
ward the middle of the ifland the foil is much better, and 
the marks of confiderab'e population, and of improved 
cultivation, were very confpicuous. Large lpots are co¬ 
vered with the paper mulberry trees ; and the plantations 
in general were well ftc-cked with fuch roots and fruits as 
are the natural produce of the ifland. To thefe captain 
Cook made 1 'ome additions, by fowing the feeds of Indian 
corn, melons, pumkins, and the like. At one place was 
a houfe four or five times as large as thofe of the common 
fort, with a large area of grafs before it; and it was fup- 
pofed that the people reforted thither on certain public 
occafions. Near the landing-place was a mount, two or 
three feet high, covered with gravel; and on it flood four 
or five fmall huts, in which tlie bodies of lome of their 
principal people had been interred. The ifland is not 
above feven miles long, and in 1'ome places not above two 
