j. Lichen Toccella, or orchal; as an article of com- 
Snerde is of very great importance, being extremely valu¬ 
able for dying wool or filk any lhade of purple or ■crim- 
fon. For this purpofe it is fteeped in volatile alkali, com¬ 
monly diftilled from urine. In times of fcarcity, it has 
been fold for a thoufand pounds fterling the ton. It 
comes chiefly from the Levant; and has lately been dif- 
covered to grow in the Britilh dominions. 
10. Lichen omphalodes; dyes wool of a brown reddilh 
colour, ora dull but durable crimfon, paler but more laft- 
ing than that of orchal. It is prepared by the country 
people in Ireland by fteeping it in ftale urine, adding a 
little fait to it, and making it up into balls with lime. 
Wool dyed with it, and then dipped in the blue vat, be¬ 
comes of a beautiful purple. With rotten oak it makes 
a good dark brown frize. Wool dyed with red wood or 
fanders, and afterwards in this, which is called cork , corker, 
or arcell, becomes of a dark reddilh brown. It has been 
ufed as a ftypric ; as has alfo L. plicatus; but thefe have 
long fince given way to more active medicines. 
11. Lichen vulpinus. In Norway they mix this fpe- 
cies with powdered glafs, and ftrew it upon dead carcafes 
to poifon wolves. It dyes wool yellow. See fig. 2. 
iz. Lichen prunaftri; has a remarkable property of im¬ 
bibing and retaining odours, and is therefore the balls of 
many perfumed powders. 
13. Lichen pulmonarius; dyes woollen cloth of a du¬ 
rable orange. In Herefordfliire they dye Itockings with 
it of a durable brown. 
14. Lichen caperatus. In the north of Ireland and in 
the Me of Man they dye wool with this of an orange- 
colour. Serge dyed with it became of a lemon-colour ; 
but, if previoufly infufed and boiled in urine, of a ruffet 
brown. It is probably what the people in the north of 
Ireland call Jione-crottles. It is alfo called arcel, from its 
being put to the fame ufe with orchal. 
15. Lichen puftulatus. Linnaeus lays that a beautiful 
red colour may be prepared from this. It may be con¬ 
verted into an exceedingly black paint. 
16. Lichen aphthofus. The country people make an in- 
fufion of it in milk, and give it to children who have the 
thrulh. In large dofes it operates by purging and vo¬ 
miting, and aeftroys worms. 
17. Lichen fubfufcus : cruft thin,continued, fmoothifh, 
brownilh-white ; lhields feflile, flightly convex, reddilh- 
brown, with a tumid whitifh entire border. This is very 
common on the fmooth barks of trees, being diftinguilhed 
by its copious bay orchefnut lhields, wliofe white lhiooth 
border renders them confpicuous. 
18. Lichen centrifugus: imbricated, membranous; 
greenilh-white and fmooth above 5 white, with brownifli 
fibres, beneath ; fegments linear, divaricated, bluntifti ; 
fhields fcattered towards the circumference, reddilh-brown, 
with an inflexed, almoft-entire, border. This is, accord¬ 
ing to Linnteus, extremely common on large Hones 
throughout Lapland, where lichens that grow on ftones 
are more rare than in other places. It is of ail others moft 
remarkable for its centrifugal mode of growth, forming 
circles a foot or two in diameter, and indeed fometimes, 
as we are told, eight or ten feet, confuting of a whitifli 
band two or three inches broad, while the central part is 
quite decayed and obliterated. 
19. Lichen parietinus: imbricated, membranous, ltel- 
lated, roundly lobed and crifped, orange-coloured ; pale 
and fibrous beneath ; fhields of the fame colour, with a 
thin entire border. One of the moft common of its ge¬ 
nus, very confpicuous on old walls, as well as on rocks, 
wooden buildings, trees, and bulhes. Its rich golden co¬ 
lour is moft vivid in expofed fituations ; alfuming an olive, 
greenilh, or greyifti, call in the (hade and damp. 
20. Lichen ftellaris : imbricated ; leaflets oblong, laci- 
niated, narrow, alh-coloured. Shields brown. Very com¬ 
mon on the birch-tree. Under this a great number of va¬ 
rieties are included. Some are green when wet; others 
continue grey, whether moift or dry. The fhields in all 
of them are of a greyifli-black, not verging towards red, 
and are ufually plentifully produced. Fig. 3 is a variety 
of this fpecies; another is fhown at fig. 4. and magnified 
at fig. 5. 
21. Lichen Burgeflii: gelatinous, membranous, crifped 
and fringed, of a dark glaucous green ; lhields deprelled, 
dark brown, with a leafy, crifped, elevated, border. Found 
on the trunks of old trees in Scotland and Wales.- One 
of the moft elegant of its tribe, confiding of dark-green 
patches as broad as the hand, of delicate pellucid curled 
and wavy leaves, bearing numerous lhields, very remark¬ 
able on account of their leafy, complicated, wreath-like, 
borders. When dry, the whole frond becomes more 
opaque, verging towards a lead-colour. This belongs to 
a tribe called gelatinous lichens, all which agree in their pe¬ 
culiar dark-green colour, lemi-pellucid pulpy texture, and 
reddilh or tawny olive, generally linall, lhields. ' 
22. Lichen fuciformis: leafy, divided, pointed, flat, 
nearly upright, tapering at each end, greyilh-white, ob- 
fcurely downy, with white mealy warts ; lhields convex, 
blackilh. This is found on granite rocks upon the Cor- 
nilh ccaft, but more plentifully in the Mediterranean, 
the Canary Illands, and the Eaft Indies, in which laft cli¬ 
mate it grows to the length of a foot. It is extremely 
important as an article of commerce, being ufed indifcri- 
minately with, and according to fome preferred to, the 
famous L. roccella, for-dying. 
23. Lichen refupinatus : coriaceous, creeping, lobed, 
brownilh-grey ; targets oblong-, at the under fide of each 
finall afcending lobe. Native of moift fhady rocks,-or of 
the moffy roots of trees in mountainous countries. The 
fronds are imbricated, fmooth, of a dull brownifli lead- 
colour, compoling broad deprelled patches ; the targets 
reddilh-brown, concave, plentifully produced, but each 
folitary at the concave extremity of its own fmall lobe. 
24. Lichen faccatus : flightly coriaceous, roundilh,, 
creeping; green above; white beneath ; targets fcat¬ 
tered, blackilh, funk in pits. Found on the ground among 
rocks in mountainous countries. 
25. Lichen croceus: coriaceous, creeping; rounded at 
the extremities; green above; orange and veiny beneath j 
targets fcattered, brown, flat. Found only in the moll 
alpine fituations, near the limits of perpetual fnow, grow¬ 
ing on the ground. See fig. 6. 
26. Lichen aurantiacus : granular, cracked, pale le¬ 
mon-colour ; lhields crowded, becoming a little convex, 
orange with a paler waved margin. This beautiful fpe¬ 
cies grows in Norway, on the bark of the Betula alba, or 
white birch-tree. It is reprefented under its natural ap¬ 
pearance at fig. 7. and magnified at fig. 8. 
27. Lichen velleus: umbiiicated, (talked, dilated, 
wavy; brownilh-grey, and fmooth above; covered be¬ 
neath with black, branched, crowded, fibres; tubercles 
cluttered, flat. Native of rocks in Lapland and North 
America. Often as broad as both the hands, tough and 
leathery, remarkable for its denfe, black, hairy, clothing 
beneath. 
28. Lichen cocciferus: cup-lhaped, leathery, pale 
greenilh-grey, mealy; cups dilated, fomewhat toothed 5 
tubercles fungous, fcarlet. Leaves minute, lobed and 
crenate. A beautiful fpecies, not uncommon in woods, 
or on heaths among ling, or in various dry Tandy places. 
The large fcarlet tubercles render it very confpicuous. 
Several other fpecies indeed have the fame-coloured fruc¬ 
tification, but fmalier, and they differ in other refpetts. 
The cups in this are Ihorter, broader, and more perfefh, 
than in any other with fcarlet tubercles. 
29. Lichen pyxidatus : cup-lhaped, .leathery, .greyifti- 
green, lcajy, often proliferous; cups dilated, nearly en¬ 
tire 5 tubercles brown; leaves minute, imbricated, cre¬ 
mate. The molt common of this tribe, occurring every¬ 
where, in broad patches, on heaths, Tandy banks, and 
under hedges. Its cup-iike lhape is ufually pretty regu¬ 
lar, at lealt before the tubercles appear; but the edges.of 
the cup, or its centre, occxuomiiJy throe/ up others, even i. 
6©t- 
