6K3 LIC 
to four or five ranks or ftages, one upon another, in beau¬ 
tiful luxuriance. More frequently the firft cup bears un¬ 
equal and imperfeft cups, or tubular ftalks, crowned 
with the brown tubercles. The Italics of all are fre¬ 
quently leafy or fcaly, efpecialiy their lower part. 
30. Lichen gracilis : cup-fliaped, long, (lender, fmooth, 
cartilaginous, greenifh-brown ; at length fomewhat 
branched; cups conical, fharply toothed. Tubercles 
brown; leaves minute. In heathy dry mountainous 
places, or in woods, in the north, not unfrequent. The 
character of this is widely different from the two prece¬ 
ding, difpiayed in its brown hue, tall llender form, and 
ifbarp teeth or terminal branches. The tubercles are dark 
brown ; leaves very minute, and frequently obliterated. 
31. Lichen rangiferinus : bufhy, tubular, very much 
branched, white and hoary; the little branches divari¬ 
cated and drooping; tubercles terminal, globofe, moftly 
■cluttered, dark-brown. This is the rein-deer lichen, fo 
celebrated by Linnaeus, in his Flora Lapponica and Lap- 
land Tour, as the food of that animal. In the wide 
heathy trafts and forefts of thofe northern regions, it co¬ 
ders the ground like fnow, riling to the height of a foot 
or more ; with us it is much humbler, and more difperfed; 
always choofing the molt Iterile heathy foil, and not very 
generally producing fruit. Its texture is thin and brit¬ 
tle, foft to the grafp of the hand, and excellent for pack¬ 
age, the only ufe for which it can ferve in this climate. 
The branches are occafionally, not always, perforated at 
their divarications. The furface is hoary, or rough with 
minute warts; tubercles very fmall, terminal, abundant 
■when they occur at all. See fig. 9. 
32. Lichen globiferus : llirubby, folid, much branched, 
cylindrical, brownilh and polifiied ; branches with mi¬ 
nute divaricated terminations. Fruit globular, fmoothilh, 
enclofing a ball of black powder. This very pretty co¬ 
ral-like production occurs on mountainous rocky heaths, 
or in dry ftony woods. Its Items compofe loofe entangled 
tufts, of a tawny light polifiied brown, and are white and 
folid within ; the ultimate branches are innumerable, ffiort, 
flender, tufted, and divaricated. The fructification is al¬ 
together different from every thing we have hitherto de- 
feribed, confilting of terminal folitary balls, the fize of a 
vetch-feed, fmooth, of the fubftance of the Item, opening 
by a wide irregular perforation at the top, and contain¬ 
ing a globular mafs of black condenfed powder, prefumed 
to be the feeds. Sections of this magnified are fhown at 
fig. 10 and 11. and cluttered, according to the natural ap¬ 
pearance, at fig. 12. 
33. Lichen fragilis : flirubhy, folid, brittle, afliy-brown ; 
branches level-topped, cylindrical, crowded, naked ; 
fruit globular, rugofe, enclofing a ball of black powder. 
Found in fimilar places witli the preceding, with which 
molt botanitts, in Britain and elfewhere, have confounded 
it, taking the following for the true fragilis. 
34. Lichen coinpreffus : fhrubby, folid, cartilaginous, 
white, branched, compreffed ; branches cluttered, fome¬ 
what palmate ; fruit depreffed, containing a cake of black 
powder. An elegant fpecies, remarkable for its white 
coral-like appearance, having the fplendour of porcelain 
when frefn. The fruit is rare, produced in moift fliady 
fituations only. This fpecies feenrs to prefer limeftone 
rather than granite rocks. 
35. Lichen pafchalis: fhrubby, folid, clothed with mi¬ 
nute cruftaceous leaves ; tubercles terminal, prominent, 
brown. This lichen, found on micaceous alpine rocks, 
is dettined to perforin an important office in the economy 
of nature, being the firtt vegetable that takes root upon 
lava, whole porous furface will admit no cruftaceous fpe¬ 
cies. Thus it compofes in decaying a portion of vegeta¬ 
ble mould, fit for the reception of the feeds of other 
plants. Its roots and ttern are very tough and ftrong, 
and the affemblage of minute greyifh-brown leaves, that 
cover the whole, gives it a peculiar and dittinft afpeft. 
The tubercles are folid, white withinj convex, without 
H E N. 
any border. See fig. 13, Plate II. and the tubercles mag-» 
nified at fig. 14. 
36. Lichen plicatus: filamentous, cylindrical, pendu¬ 
lous, whitifh ; branches entangled ; fhields (fpuriouo) 
whitifh green, radiated; tubercles yellowifh. Found in 
ancient woods. The fronds are exceffively and finely 
branched, a foot or two long, pendent in denfe clutters 
from the trees; their furface is minutely warty. 
37. Lichen fioridus: filamentous, with a central thread, 
bufhy, erect, greenifli-grey; branches round, fibrous, 
warty, with radiated fpurious fhields; tubercles on the 
branches, lateral, fiefh-coloured, rugged. Not uncommon 
on dead branches of oaks in old woods. This fpecies 
boiled with wool, without alum, dyes it of a rich tawny 
yellow. 
38. Lichen exanthematicus: leprous, afh-colour; cup 
very fmall, fleflsy, immerged in the bark. Found on chalk- 
bills in the fouth of France, not far from Avignon. The 
bark is very tender, fcarcely enduring the touch; it is 
grey, fprinkled with white fpots, a little indented ; inte¬ 
gument white, rough, at firtt clofed, but afterwards ex¬ 
pands from the centre. Cup fmall, flefh-coloured, fur- 
nifhed on the margin with exaftly the fame colour, con¬ 
cealed in the centre of the dent. Its cup being broken 
afunder by age, the hollow remains white, empty, and 
excavated like ftone itfelf. This is fhown at fig 15, ac¬ 
cording to its natural appearance ; the fame magnified at 
fig. 16. _ 
39. Lichen gypfaceus: cruftaceous, lobated, white 
within, green outfide ; fhields dift'orm, yellow. Found 
in the mountains of Montpellier and Genoa. The fhield 
is very thick, lobated on the margin, and the infide very 
white, the outfide green. Scutella numerous, large, and 
varying much in form. See fig. 17. Much like L. len- 
tigero, but a diftindl fpecies. 
40. Lichen tumidulus: cruftaceous, white, lobated; 
lobes tumid, bent in with black tubercles, black, deformed. 
Occurs in the fiffures of rocks in the fouth of France. 
Shield white, with rounded lobes, appearing inflated ; 
above minutely teffellated, rimous; with black irregular 
tubercles on the interftices of the lobes. See fig. 18. 
41. Lichen faxifragus: cruftaceous, lobed, long-rooted, 
grey; tubercle red, fize of muftard-feed. It is found in 
the clefts of rocks at Montpellier, in France. Roots 
white, branching, running deep in the fiffures of the 
rocks. Shield lobed, fomewhat leafy, thickifh: colour 
grey or fea-green. See fig. 19. 
42. Lichen chryfoleucus: imbricate, leafy, with blunt 
lobes; above pale brimftone colour; underneath dark 
green, fhields numerous, gold-yellow. Found on the 
rocks of Mount Cenis. It refembles the L. craffo of 
Hudfon ; but is more tender, has larger leaves, and not 
white underneath. It is of a dark-green colour under¬ 
neath the leaves, without any roughnefs or mofs. See fig. 
ao. a, b. 
43. Lichen tiliaceus: imbricate; leaves finuate, fmooth, 
whitifh afh-colour; fhields brown, on the margin whitifh. 
Found on the bark of the olive-tree in France and Genoa. 
Similar to L. faxatilis and omphalodes ; but differs in that 
the leaves are fmooth above, pale grey, and bright; 
though underneath, like L. faxatilis, black and hirfute ; 
fhields numerous, brown, fhining ; margin fmooth, white j 
external bafe black, and very rough. 
44. Lichen encauftus: imbricate; leaves linear, dicho¬ 
tomous; above white and fhining; underneath black, 
opake; fhields brown. Found on the alpine rocks of 
Savoy, and on the top of Montanvert near Chamouni. 
Fronds bufhy, branching out, widely, more or lefs nar¬ 
row ; margin turned back; above white, fhining like 
enamel: the apex brown ; underneath black and dark. 
Shields bright, brown; margin white, in age often lobed. 
See fig. 21. c, d. 
45. Lichen corrugatus: foliaceous, creeping, lobed, 
green; fhields teftaceou6, ferruginous, concave, red 
without; 
