L I C ' 
Without; leaves of the fame colour. Inhabits the trunks 
of trees in the north* of France. This lichen is green 
above, blackilh underneath; lead-coloured when dry : 
external leaves of an uniform colour. The varieties are 
rough, warty, and often mealy ; by which marks the 
fpecies may be eafily known. > t 
46. Lichen faturninus : foliaceous, membranaceous, 
lobed, dark-green ; underneath hairy, pale ; ftiields 
fprinkled with dark-grey fpots. Found on the trunks of 
trees on the banks of the Rhone near Valentia, and in 
Savoy. Referobles the L. cochleatus of Dickfon ; but 
differs from it in being hairy underneath. The dry leaves 
are of a plumbeous hue, with white hairs. Shields nu¬ 
merous, fcattered, iron-grey; younger ones bordered with 
a margin of the fame colour 5 when the difk rifes, the 
margin diminiflies by degrees 5 and is at length oblite¬ 
rated. 
47. Lichen cucullatus: foliaceous, ereft, with a white 
border, ftiields hooded at the back part, and brown. 
Found on the heathy hills of Savoy, and on Mount Ce- 
nis. A medium as it were between L. Iflandicus and 
L. nivalis ; but utftinft from each. Fronds ere£t, white, 
fmooth ; borders much laciniated ; margins involuted, 
channelled, often tubular. The lacinia become much 
branched, rough, hooded at the back part. Shields between 
the hoods, brown. Dillenius, who did not fee the fructifica¬ 
tion, confounded it with L. orivalis. See tig. 22. e,fg, 
48. Lichen pilularis, or pill-lichen: cruftaceous, 
wliitilh afh-coloured, tubercles orbicular, black. This 
and the three following were difcovered by the Rev. 
Hugh Davies, F. L. S. and communicated by him to the 
Linnasan Society in February 1793. The prefent appears 
to be an entirely-new fpecies. “ In examining it atten¬ 
tively, (fays Mr. Davies,) I find fome of the younger 
frudlifications perfedl feu tel las, with elevated margins of 
the fame colour; thefe are but few, and feem foon to 
lofe that form. The fruftification in decay changes into 
different lhades of brown. Found in Bodowen-park, An- 
glefea.” See fig 23. _ > - 
49. Lichen fimplex, or fimple lichen. “This hitherto- 
tindefcribed fpecies has no ground, but confilts of bare 
4mall tubercles, which, examined with a microfcope, ap¬ 
pear black, wrinkled, and of various irregular forms. 
It feems to affeCt growing upon a kind of grey (late, 
which it covers to the extent of many inches together. 
Since the drawing of it was taken, I have likevvife found 
it on a fand-ftone ; and then, owing to the unevennefs of 
the furface, the fructification afl'uines a ftill more irregu¬ 
lar form, fometimes appearing in fimple lines, and fome¬ 
times coiled ; in fome degree refembling the fructification 
of Lichenoides. Found with the former.” See fig. 24. 
50. Lichen concentricus, or concentric lichen. The 
fcutellse are fcarcely raifed above the ground, depreffed 
in the centre, and have a margin which varies in colour, 
being fometimes white, fometimes black. It has con¬ 
fluent fructifications, which invariably form concentric 
fegments of a circle, affording a molt diftinguifliing cha- 
raCleriftic. Ground white. Found in Whitford pariih, 
Flintfhire. 
51. Lichen varians, or changeable lichen. This plant 
varies exceedingly in refpeC't of colour; and, with an inat¬ 
tentive obferver, might pafs for different fpecies. “ Its 
Hate of perfection is when the ground is a fine poliihed 
white, and the fructification a bright fhining black, with 
a white margin, as at fig. 25. In its fecond (fate, it lofes 
that gloffy black, and appears as at fig. 26. In its 
more advanced ftage, it becomes ftill paler; and in this 
Itate I have feen it in a collection under the name of L. 
rupicola ; fig. 27. As it approaches nearer decay, the 
feu tel las affume an ochreous or buff-colour, very different 
from either of its former appearances ; fig. 28. Beyond 
this ftage, it affumes a ftill very different appearance; the 
difks of the fcutellse difappear, and there fucceeds a black 
duft, giving it in fome meafure the refemblance of a Spliae- 
Tia. The fingularly-various appearances of this plant af- 
Vo 1.. XII. No. 857. 
LIC 6 if 
ford an opportunity of obferving how liable perfons are 
to be deceived by plants of this tribe, which they have 
not an opportunity of examining in their places of growth ; 
and may ferve as a caution, that our zeal for difeovering 
new fubjeCts ftiould not hurry us to create new fpecies 
out of imperfect fpecimens. Found on the fouth-wefl 
fide of Anglefea. 
52. Lichen aromaticus, or fweet-fmelling lichen ; fo 
denominated from the highly-aromatic fragrance which 
both the cruft and ftiields, but efpecially the former, give 
out when rubbed between the fingers in a recent ftate, 
and which, though in a lefs degree, the plant often retains 
for fome years. In this circumftance not any Britifh lichen 
refemblesit, excepting only L. coeruleo-nigricans, in which 
afimilarftnell may fometimes, but by no means always, be 
perceived. This is one of thelateft fpecies difcovered ; and 
is deferibed, with feven others, in the Linn. Tranf. vol. ix. 
53. At the meeting of the Linntean Society, on the 
r6th of February, 1813, a letter was read from Mrs. 
Taylor, accompanied with fpecimens of a gelatinous 
plant, conceived to be a new fpecies of Lichen, which 
grew for two fuccefftve years near her houfe in Devon- 
fliire. Genera bearing fome refemblance to Lichen are 
Anthoceros, Brssus, Jungerkannia, Marchantia, 
Mucor, RiccrA, Targionia, and Tremella; which 
fee. 
LI'CHEN AGARTCUS. See Clavaria. 
LICHENAS’TRUM. See Jungermannia, Mnium„ 
and Riccia. 
LICHENOI'DES. See Lichen, Lycoferdon, and 
Tremella. 
LICH'FIELD, or Litch'field, an ancient city, in the 
county of Stafford. The more ancient name of this city 
was Lickenjield, which, according to fome antiquaries, 
fignifies the “ field of dead bodies,” from a maflacre of 
the Chriftians, faid to have taken place here during their 
contefts with the Pagans in the reign of the emperor Di- 
oclefian. Dr. Stukeley, however, exprefles his opinion 
againft the truth of this tradition ; and with greater pro¬ 
bability confiders it as deriving its name from its mar(hy 
or watery fituation ; the word Leccian, from which lick 
comes, fignifying, in Saxon, land covered with water. 
Lichfield is fuppofed to have arifen on the ruins of a Ro¬ 
man llation called Etocctum, which lies about a mile from 
the prefent city. Whether this idea be correct it is not 
eafy to determine; but it feems to be clear that Lichfield 
was totally unknown, or, more properly fpeaking, had 
no exiftence, either in the time of the Britons or Romans. 
The origin of it, according to the beft authorities, is at¬ 
tributed to the Saxons ; and Mr. Shaw fays, it was the 
firft: eftablilhed feat of that people in England. In the 
year 669, when St. Ch&d was bifliop of Lichfield, it was 
little more than a trifling village. Even after the Nor¬ 
man conqueft, it was confidered by the fynod, then held 
at London, as too mean a place for the relidence of a bi¬ 
fliop ; for till this time the bifliops lived in an obfeure 
manner, and feem to have done little towards adorning or 
extending the town. However, trifling as it was, it re¬ 
ceived great honours, and privileges from feveral of the 
Saxon kings. Borrocaphill, in the neighbourhood of this 
city, was in all probability one of the camps, or chief re- 
fidences, of fome Saxon princes; for, though no traces 
of building remain, the fituation is too fine and com¬ 
manding to have efcaped the notice of that warlike peo¬ 
ple. In the reign of Henry I. Lichfield was encompaffed 
with a ditch, and the cattle was fortified by bifliop Clin¬ 
ton. No part of the fortifications of the latter are now 
vifible ; but the field in which it flood is ftill denominated 
Caflle-fidd, and the ditch around the city may be eafily 
traced by an attentive obferver. 
Lichfield was very early the feat of a bifliop. The firft: 
prelate who prefided over this fee was Dwina, who was 
appointed bifliop by Ofwy king of Northumberland, on 
his conqueft of Mercia. Among its early prelates* it 
boafts of St. Chad, Cedda, or Ceadda; who fucceeded to 
7 S the- 
