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656 
life; as, to forfeit his eftate if he alienes it in fee-fimple ; 
{ibid. 2.8.) whereas fuch alienation by tenant in tail, though 
voidable by the iffue, is no forfeiture of the eftate to the 
reverfioner, who is not concerned in intereft till all pof- 
fibility of iifue be extinCl. But, in general, the law looks 
upon this eftate as equivalent to an eftate for life only ; 
and, as fuch, will permit this tenant to exchange his eftate 
with a tenant for life; which exchange can only be made 
aff ellates that are equal in their nature. Blackjl. b. ii. 
The incidents to an eftate for life are principally the fol¬ 
lowing; and they are applicable, not only to that fpecies 
of tenants for life which are exprefsly created by deed, 
but alfo to thofe which are created by act or operation of 
law. i. Every tenant for life, unlefs reftrained by cove¬ 
nant or agreement, may of common right take upon the 
land demifed to him reafonable eftovers, or botes; but 
he is not permitted to cut down timber, or do other wafte 
upon the premifes. 2. Tenant for life, or his reprefenta- 
tives, (hall not be prejudiced by any fudden determina¬ 
tion of his eftate, becaufe fuch a determination is con¬ 
tingent and uncertain. Therefore, if a tenant for his 
own life fows the lands, and dies before harveft, his exe¬ 
cutors fliall have the emblements, or profits of the crop. 
The benefits of the law of emblements are particularly ex¬ 
tended to the parochial clergy, by ftat. 28 Hen. VIII. c. 11; 
for all perfons wdio are prelented to any ecclefiaftical be¬ 
nefice, or to any civil office, are confidered as tenants for 
their own lives, unlefs the contrary be expreffed in the 
form of the donation. 1 Comm . c. 8. 
The under-tenants or leflees of eftates for life have the 
fame, nay greater, indulgences than their leifors the ori¬ 
ginal tenants for life. The fame ; for the law of eftovers 
and emblements, with regard to the tenant for life, is alfo 
law with regard to his under-tenant, who reprefents him 
and Hands in his place. Greater-, for in thofe cafes where 
tenant for life fliall not have the emblements, becaufe the 
eftate determines by his own aft, the exception fliall not 
reach his leflee, w ho is a third perfon. The leflees of te¬ 
nants for life had alfo at the common law another moll 
unreafonable advantage; for, at the death of their lefl’ors, 
the tenants for life, thefe under-tenants might, if they 
pleafed, quit the premifes, and pay no rent to any body 
for the occupation of the land fince the laft quarter-day, 
or other day affigned for payment of rent. 10 Rep. 127. 
To remedy which, it is now enabled by ftat. 11 Geo. II. 
c. 19. § 15, that the executors or adminiftrators of tenant 
for life, on wdiofe death any leale determined, fliall recover 
of the leflee a rateable proportion of rent, from the laft 
day of payment to the death of fuch leflor. 
By ftat. 19 Car. II. c. 6, where perfons for whofe lives 
eftates are held, fliall abfent themfelves for feven years, 
they fliall be prefumed dead. And by 6 Ann. c. 18, per¬ 
fons for whole lives eftates are held, fliall, on application 
to the lord-chancellor, be produced. The tenant holding 
after the determination of the life, deemed a trefpafler. 
Pofthumous children are enabled to take in remainder, 
where the life-eftate is determined. 10 & 11 Will. III. c. 16. 
LIFE EVERLA'STING, in botany. See Gnapha- 
Lium, vol. viii. p. 635. 
LITE-FUL, adj. Invigorating*. 
Fair fun, fliew forth thy favourable ray, 
And let thy life ful heat not fervent be. Sperfer. 
LIFE-GIV'ING, adj. Having the power to give life.— 
Kindled at firft from heav’n’s life-giving fire. Speifer, 
He fat devifing death 
To them who liv’d ; nor on the virtue thought 
Of that life-giving plant. Milton's Paradife Loft. 
LIFE-GUA'RD, f. The guard of a king’s perfon. 
LIFE-HAR'MING, adj. Prejudicial to life: 
You promis’d, wdien you parted with the king, 
To lay afide life-harming heavinefs. Shakefp. Rick. II. 
LIFE-LAN'D,/. Land held on a leafe for lives. 
LPFE-LIKE, adj. Like a living perfon: 
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Minerva, life-like, on embodied air 
Imprefs’d the form of Ipthema the fair. Pope. 
LIT E-PRESERVER, f. A name which has been ap¬ 
plied to fundry-machines and contrivances for favino- peo¬ 
ple from drowning, yet in general diftinguiffied from life¬ 
boats. But, as every life-boat is intended to be a life-pre- 
ferver, we have thought it belt to include them under one 
article. 
. The firft boat of this kind to be noticed, in point of 
time, is that of Monf. de Bernieres, one of the four con- 
trollers-general of bridges and caufeways in France. We 
have not any particular defeription of it, farther than 
that it was made with a falfe bottom, the fpace between 
which and the true one was filled with pieces of cork laid 
as clofe together as poffible; the fides of the boat were 
raifed proportionably, leaving large apertures for the wa¬ 
ter to run off 5 the ftern was raifed, and there was fome- 
thing of a deck for the men to take (belter under when 
the boat (hould be thrown on its fide by the violence of 
the waves. The boat was about 18 feet long, and 5 or S 
broad, the diftance between the true and the falfe bottom 
one foot. It was prefented to the king (Louis XV.) in 
the year 1769; another was afterwards made, with im¬ 
provements, for the duke de Chartres, and a third for the 
marquis de Marigni. On the nth of October, 1771, ac¬ 
cording to Gillingwater’s Hiftory of Loweftoff. one of 
thefe boats was exhibited at Paris before the king and the 
dauphin, and in the prefence of the provoft of "the mer¬ 
chants, of the body of the town, and of a numerous con- 
courfe of fpeftators of all conditions. (Dr. Rees fays this 
took place on the iff of Auguft, 1777.) The experiments 
were made in the way of comparifon with another com¬ 
mon boat of the fame place, and of equal fize. Both boats 
had been built ten years, and their exterior forms appeared 
to be exaftly fimilar. The common boat contained only- 
eight men, who rocked it and made it incline fo much to 
one fide, that it prefently filled with water, and funk; fo 
that the men were obliged to five themfelves by fwim- 
ming; a thing.common in all veflels of the fame kind, ei¬ 
ther from the imprudence of thofe who are in them, the 
ftrength of the waves or wind, a violent or unexpected 
(hock, or their being overloaded, or overpowered any other 
way. The fame men who had juft efcapecl the boat which 
funk, got into the boat of M. Bernieres; rocked and filled 
it, as they had done the other, with water. But, inftead 
of finking to the bottom, though brim-full, it bore being 
rowed about the river, loaded as it was with men and water, 
without any danger to the people in it. M. Bernieres 
carried the trial (till farther. He ordered a malt to be 
ereCted in this fame boat, when filled with water; and to 
the top of the malt had a rope fattened, and drawn till the 
end cf the malt touched the furface of the river, fo that the 
boat was entirely on one fide, a pofition into which neither 
winds nor w'aves could bring her; yet, as foon as the men, 
who had hauled her into this fituation, let go the rope, the 
boat and malt recovered themfelves perfectly in Ids than 
the quarter of a fecond; a convincing proof that the boat 
could neither be funk nor overturned, and that it afforded 
the greateft poffible (ecurity in every way. It is added, 
that, in confequence of the above trials, the provoft of the 
merchants and the corporation of Paris gave Bernieres 
permiflion to eftablilh his boats on the Seine, at the port 
near the Pont Royal; and, moreover, promifed him all 
the protection and encouragement in their power; and 
Bernieres, on his fide, propofed to fupply the public with 
a certain number of thefe boats before the end of the 
next year. Whether he fulfilled his engagement, or whe¬ 
ther he was fuccefsful in the fubfequent trials of this ufe- 
ftil invention, as he was in the former, we have not been 
able to learn. But a French writer obferves, that “ the 
indifference with which the invention of M. de Bernieres 
was received (hows how regardlefs men are of the moft 
ufeful difeoveries, when the general interefts of humanity- 
only are concerned, and when trouble and expenfe are re¬ 
quired 
