T32 LIN 
wop-odium, Chrysocoma, 5teelera, Thesium, and 
Utricularia. 
LINA'RIAB AFFI'NIS. See Senecio. 
LINARYD', a town of Sweden, in the province of 
Smaland : eleven miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Wexio. 
LINA'TO, a town of Italy, in the department of the 
Olona, on the Lambro : live miles foutb-eaft of Milan. 
LIN'BO, a fmall illand in the Adriatic. Lat. 44. 37. N. 
Ion. 14.57. E. 
LINCH, f. [Saxon.] A caufey, a bank to diftinguilh 
bounds. 
LIN'CH-CLOUT, f. in the artillery, a flat iron under 
the ends of the arms of an axle-tree, to ftrengthen them, 
and diminifli the frifition of the wheels. 
LIN'CH-PIN, f. An iron pin that keeps the wheel on 
the axle-tree.—Through which fomething of a lace or 
bobbin might be drawn, as a nail through the linch-pin of 
an axle-tree to keep the wheel on. Clubb's Wheatjidd. 
The frequent and fatal accidents which have happened 
from linch-pins breaking or working out, may be avoided 
by a contrivance introduced by Mr. Varty, a coachmaker 
of Liverpool, and for which he received a filver medal 
from the Society of Arts in the year 1S09. The contri¬ 
vance confifls of an additional linch-pin, which is fixed 
in a recefs cut for it in the axle, and turns on a pin. 
LINCK'IA,yi in botany. See Tremella noftoc. 
LIN'COLN, an ancient city in the county of that name, 
and a place of confiderable importance in the ecclefiafti- 
cal and military annals of the kingdom, is Angularly 
iituated on the top and fide of an eminence, which Hopes 
with a fleep defcent to the fouth, where the river Witham 
runs at its bafe. A large portion of the city, or rather 
fuburbs, extends, in a long ftreet, from the foot of the 
bill to the louth. On the northern fide of it, without the 
walls, is another fuburb, called Newport, fuppofed to 
have been an outwork of the Roman ftation. Camden, 
and fome other antiquaries, ftate, that this place was oc¬ 
cupied as a ftation, or ffrong hold, by the Britons, ante¬ 
rior to the Roman colonization of the ifland ; and that 
then it bore the name of Lindcoit , from the woods. By 
Ptolemy and Antoninus the name of the place is written 
Lindum ; and, from having the privilege of a colony, it 
was called Lindum colonia. As a military ftation, occu¬ 
pied by a colony of Romans, it mult have been a place 
©f fome extent and confequence. This is evident from 
the veftiges that remain, and from the various difcoveries 
that have been made at different periods. The form of 
the fortified ftation was that of a parallelogram, divided 
into four equal parts by two ftreets, which crofted it at 
right angles. At the extremities of thefe were four for¬ 
tified gates, nearly facing the four cardinal points. The 
whole was encompafted by an embattled wall, which, on 
three fides, was flanked by a deep ditch, but on the louth 
fide the fteepnefs of the hill rendered a fofs unneceflary. 
The walls have been levelled with the ground ; and three 
cf the gates have been long fince demolilhed. The re¬ 
maining gate, to the north, which is called Newport gate, 
is defcribed by Dr. Stukeley as the noblelt remnant of this 
fort in Britain ; and he exprefles much furprife, that it 
had not been taken no'ice of before his time. The great 
or central gateway has a femi-circular arch, fixteen feet 
in diameter, formed witli twenty-fix large ftones, appa¬ 
rently without mortar. The height is twenty-two feet 
and a half, of which eleven are buried beneath the ground. 
On each fide of.the arch are feven courfes of horizontal 
ftones, called Ipringers, fome of which are from fix to 
feven feet in length. On each fide of the arch are two 
fmall lateral doorways, orpofterns. A mafs of the old Ko¬ 
rean wall is ItiJ 1 to be feen eaftward of this gate 5 and to 
the weft is another large mafs, called the mint-wall, which 
was about fixteen feet high and forty feet long, and had 
fcaffold-holes and marks of arches. Mr. Gough fuppofed 
this to be part of a Reman granary. Southward of the 
ftation above defcribed were other Roman works, which 
extended from the brovv ; to the bottom of the hill. 
L I N 
Various coins and other remains of antiquity have been 
difeovered here. In 1739, three ftone coffins were found 
at the fouth-weft corner of the dole, near the Checquer- 
gate. Beneath thefe was a teffelated pavement, and un¬ 
der that a Roman hypocauft. A fimilar difeovery was 
made in 1782. In the tenth volume of the Archceologia 
is a defeription of an ancient place of fepulture, difeovered 
in an open field, half a mile from the eall: gate of the an¬ 
cient Lindum. In 1790 was found, about three or four 
feet below the furface, a very curious fepulchral monu¬ 
ment, evidently Roman, and of fome perfon of high rank. 
Many fragments of antiquity were preferved by the Rev. 
Dr. Gordon, the precentor of the cathedral, who gives an 
account of feveral earthen and glafs urns, which were dif¬ 
eovered in the fame field, fome of which were of Angular 
fiiape. He alfo deferibes a room, twenty feet by fixteen, 
which was difeovered in a quarry. The fame field hav¬ 
ing been broken up for the purpofes of quarrying, feveral 
ftone coffins of various fnapes have at different times been 
difeovered in the loofe ground, which covers a fubftratum 
of rock. From thefe, and from other circumftances, it is 
highly probable that this was a Roman burial-ground. 
At the time of the Norman conqueft, Lincoln appears 
to have been one of the richeft and moll populous cities in 
England ; and of great importance as an emporium of trade 
and commerce. The Domefday furvey mentions 1070 
manfions, 900 burgefles, and 12 lagemen, having fac and 
foke. On the acceffion of the Conqueror to the throne, 
he ordered four ftrong caftles to be built; of which one 
was at Lincoln: the building was 644 yards in circum¬ 
ference, and occupied the fpace on which it is aflerted 
that one hundred and fixty-fix houfes had flood; feventy- 
four more were at the fame time demolifhed without the 
limits, that the whole might be infulated. In the reign 
of Henry I a navigable canal was made, or enlarged, 
from the river Witham at Lincoln to the Trent near 
Torkfey; and was probably the tint canal of the fort ever 
made in England. This was about level) miles in length, 
and is at pielent called the Fois-dyke. By this a com¬ 
munication was formed with the 'J rent, '. ! down that 
by the Humber to the fea. Being .thus icccffibie tor fo¬ 
reign veffels, and having alfo the advantage or an inland 
navigation, the city became populous ana v nd, 
according to Alexander Necharn, a poet-of .that ag< , Lin¬ 
coln was now ftored with good things, and became the 
fupport of the neighbouring country.” At this period, 
it appears to have poflefled a large (bare of the import 
and export trade of the kingdom. During the conteft 
between the emprefs Maud and king Stephen, in 1140, 
Lincoln acquired great notoriety; and thence obtained a 
degree of confequence in the eftimation of future monarchs.. 
When Henry II. had been crowned in London, he was 
afterwards, according to' Speed, crowned at Lincoln 
in the year 1155. We find this city and its caftle mate¬ 
rially concerned in the contentions between king John 
and the aftbeiated barons. The caftle and bail of Lincoln 
appear to have continued in the occupation of the crown 
till the time of Edward I. when Henry de Lacy died feized 
of them, and they palled, with other parts of liis inherit¬ 
ance, to the earl of Lincoln, and fo became annexed to the 
duchy of Lancafter. John of Gaunt, duke of that pala¬ 
tinate, greatly improved the caftle, and made it his funt- 
mer-refidence; having, according to a local tradition, 
built himfelf a winter-palace below the hill, in the fouth- 
ern fuburbs. Several parliaments were held at Lincoln 
in the reigns of Edward I. II. and III. In the year 1352, 
the ftaple of wool was removed from Flanders to Eng¬ 
land; and Lincoln was one of the ftaple-towns appointed 
on that occafion. It was alfo made a ftaple for leather, 
lead, and various other articles. This proved highly be¬ 
neficial to the place ; for it thereby recovered from the 
lofles it had luftained by military ravages, and was loon 
reftored to a fiouriftiing condition,. 
The diocefe of Lincoln, after the fee was removed from 
Sidnaceiter, foon acquired a vaft accumulation of territorial 
r jurifdfolioa 
