734 LING 
ways with turrets, walls, mullions of windows, and other 
fragments of old dilapidated buildings, appear in every di- 
region : the very barns, ftables, out-houfes, and even fome 
of the pig-fties, are built with arched doors and windows. 
Checquer-gate, at the weft end of the cathedral, had two 
gate-houfes; the weftern one has been recently taken down ; 
the remaining one, to the eaft, has three gateways, and 
two turrets between them. In Eaftgate-ltreet are two 
very ancient gateways, one of which is nearly entire. At 
the bottom of the town, near Brayford-water, are remains 
of a fort, called Lucy-tower. In the minfter-yard is a 
large gateway, with grooves for a portcullis. A large 
oblong building, in Broadgate-ftreet, was appropriated to 
the grey friars, and ftill difplays much of its ancient ar¬ 
chitecture; part of this edifice is now tiled as a free-fchool, 
and the other part as a library. The deanery-houfe was 
founded by dean, afterwards bilhop, Gravefend, in 1254. 
The vicar’s college, called the Old Vicars, formed a qua¬ 
drangle, of which there remain only four good houfes, in¬ 
habited by the vicars. The biftiop’s palace, on the fouth 
fide of the hill, which, from being fituated near the fum- 
mit, Leland defcribed as “ hanging in declivio,” W'as 
built by bilhop Chefney, to whom the fcite was granted 
by king Henry II. It was enlarged by fucceeding pre¬ 
lates, and was fcarcely exceeded in grandeur by any of 
our ancient caftles. Adjoining to St. Andrew’s church¬ 
yard formerly ltood the palace of the celebrated John of 
Gaunt. Oppofite to this houfe is a large building, called 
John of Gaunt’s ftables. It was a large ftruChtre, in the 
Norman ftyle, and formerly confided of a quadrangle, en- 
clofing a lpacious area; of which only the north and weft 
fronts remain. The Jew’s houfe, on the fide of the hill, 
is an object of great curiofity; it is Angularly ornamented 
in front, and fome of its mouldings are fimilar to thofe 
round the weft doors of the cathedral; in the centre of 
the front is a femicircular arched door-way, with a pro¬ 
jecting pilafter. This houfe was poflefled by Belafet de 
Wallingford, a Jewefs, who was hanged for clipping in 
the 18th of Edward I. The Stone-bow, a large tower¬ 
gateway, crofting the High-ftreet, is faid to have been 
ereCted in the reign of Richard II. but the ftyle indicates 
a later date. The High-bridge, over the main dream of 
the Witham, confiding of one arch, is confidered to be at 
leaft five hundred years old. Formerly here were two 
grammar-fchools, one in the clofe, the other in the city ; 
they were united in 1583. The principal modern build¬ 
ings are, the market houfe, ereCted 1736; the blue-coat- 
fchool, on the plan of Chrift’s hofpital, London; the 
county hofpital; the county gaol, conftruCted on the plan 
•of Mr. Howard for folitary confinement; two aftembly- 
trooms, and a fmall theatre. Lincoln is fifty-three miles 
north-eaft of Derby, and 133 north of London. Lat. 53. 
23. N. Ion. 1. 44. W. 
About two furlongs eaftward of Lincoln is a heap of 
ruins called Monk’s Houfe, luppofed to have been a con¬ 
vent for monks. The walls of the chapel, and the out- 
walls of feveral other apartments, remain almoft entire, 
but have been dilrobed of their roofs and other ornaments 
from time immemorial. Part of the old wall, with which 
it was inclofed, ftill remains. On the top of the hill, at 
tiie end of Eaftgate, are the remains of another chapel or 
church, with a houfe contiguous, called St. Giles’s; the 
hrufe is ftill kept in tolerable good repair, but the chapel 
is a heap of ruins. In a clofe adjoining is the entrance 
into a fubterraneous cavern, called St. Giles’s Hole; how 
far it extends, not even the; molt curious infpeCtor can 
give account; and whether this furprifing cavern be the 
work of nature, or an ancient military retreat, admits room 
for much difpute. 
Hareby, near Lincoln, is noted for the death of Eleanor, 
wife to king Edward I. who caufed erodes to be fet up in 
her memory in all the places where the hearfe re (ted that 
carried her from hence to YVeftminfter. 
Torkfey, near the influx of theEefdyke into the Trent, 
aaorth-weft of Lincoln, was once a town of great note and 
O L N. 
privileges; by virtue of which the inhabitants were obliged, 
whenever the king’s ambafladors came that way, to carry 
them down the Trent in their barges, and to conduit 
them as far as York. By an old charter, ftill in being, it 
takes toll from ftrangers, for cattle or goods pafling this 
way; and has a fair on Whit-Monday. Here was form¬ 
erly a nunnery, the remains of which fhow it to have been 
confiderably large; it was founded by king John, but by 
its prefent appearance was never very magnificent. 
Stow, between Lincoln and Gainlborough, is fuppofed 
to be the ancient Sidnacefter. Its privileges are greater 
than thofe of any place hereabouts, except Lincoln, and 
did once exceed even that, it having been famous before 
Lincoln was a bifhop’s fee ; and the common notion is, 
that this was heretofore its mother-church. The church, 
which is a very large fabric, was founded by one of the 
bifhops of Dorchefter in Oxfordftiire, and rebuilt "by the 
firft bilhop of Lincoln. In Stow-park, one mile from the 
church, there was once an abbey, which was afterwards 
made a bilhop’s palace; but there is little even of the ruins 
now to be feen. 
Scatnpton is four miles from Lincoln. In this parilh 
the foundation of a Roman villa was" difcovered in the 
year 1795. There appears to have been a grand entrance 
from the weft into a long gallery or portico, and thence 
into a fuite of fmall rooms dividing tw'o courts ; that at 
the eaft end was the principal building, having two wings 
on the north and fouth fides of the two courts, the baths 
occupying the fouth wing, and the fervants’ apartments 
being in the north ; the number of apartments difcovered 
was upwards of forty ; but it is prefumed that many more 
had exifted, and that the principal rooms extended con¬ 
fiderably towards the eaft. The foundations were gene¬ 
rally two or three feet beneath the furface ; yet, as little 
more of them remained than a foot or two in height, no 
traces were difcoverable of entrances into the feveral 
apartments. The whole was conltructed of the ftone of 
the country, and the walls were in general from two and 
a half to three, though in fome inftances four, and even 
five and a half, feet thick. The remaining walls of feve¬ 
ral apartments, particularly of that in which the large tef- 
feilated pavement was difcovered, were painted on ftucco 
in various colours ; fome green, others in ftripes of red 
and white, and blue and white ; the ftucco compofed of 
the lime of the country. The teflellated pavements, about 
thirteen in number, though none perfect but one, were 
bedded on a body of clay in ftrong cement, and from 
three to four feet under ground. They were compofed 
of cubical tefleras of different fixes, from half an inch to 
an inch and an half fquare, made from the lime-ftone of 
the neighbourhood. Great quantities of broken urns 9 
fluted and figured tiles, glafs, and culinary vefiels, were 
difcovered, but none perfect; alfo feveral fragments of 
plafter floors, compofed of lime, fine gravel, and pounded 
red brick. Thefe articles, together with feveral copper 
coins of the later empire, particularly a perfeCt one of 
Conftantine the younger, having the following legend., 
CONSTANTINVS-IVN NOB C; and on the reverfe 
GLORIA EXERCITVS, fome fibulae, two ftyles, and 
the head of a lance, lay fcattered over the whole founda¬ 
tions. It was impoflible to form an adequate idea of the 
nature of the fuperftruftyre ; but, from the appearance of 
fire and of melted lead on the furface of the pavements, 
and from the fragments of burnt timber, it was probably 
built of wood ; and the whole had evidently been de- 
ftroyed by fire. This conjecture is ftrengthened by the 
circumftance of tiles being found lying confufedly upon, 
the pavements, and which had ferved for roofs. Some 
tiles had grooves, others a fmooth furface. The fcene 
was rendered more ferioully interefting by the dilcovery 
of an incredible number of human fkeletons., which lay 
principally on the foundations. Some of them were ra¬ 
ther beyond the ufttal lfature, and the teeth remarkably 
white. This fight produced ftrong reflections upon the 
elegance of a Roman villa, in a moment reduced to ruins. 
