L I N 
their minds; only there is this difference, that the diftin- 
gui filing characters of the face, and the lineaments of the 
body, grow more plain with time, but the peculiar phy- 
fiognomy of the mind is moft difcernible in children. 
Locke .-*-The utmoft force of boiling water is not able to 
deftroy the ft ru Chi re of the tendereft plant; the lineaments 
of a white lily will remain after the ftrongeft decoCtion. 
Arbuthnot. 
Man he feems 
In all his lineaments, though in his face 
The glitnpfes of his father’s glory fhine. Milton. 
LIN'EAR, adj. [ linearis , Lat.] Compofed of lines; 
having the form of lines.—Where-ever it is freed from 
the fand-ftone, it is covered with linear ftrije, tending to¬ 
wards feveral centres, fo as to compofe flat ftellar figures. 
Woodward on FoJJils .—In natural hillory, narrow, and nearly 
of an uniform breadth ; whether applied to the form of a 
complete animal, or to the prominences, or indentations. 
LIN'EATE, adj. Marked with lines. In botany, it is 
particularly applied to a leaf having the furface flightly 
marked longitudinally with depreffed parallel lines. Lined 
is improper, as being ufed in a different fenfe. This term 
has been fometimes confounded with linear, which re- 
fpeCts the form of the leaf. The terms being fo alike, and 
this occurring feldom, it may perhaps be better to write 
“a leaf marked w'ith lines.” Martyn's Language of Botany . 
_ LINEA'TION,/ [from tinea, Lat.] The draught of a 
line, the appearance of lines. 
LI'NEHAM, a village in Oxfordfhire, not far from 
Chadlington. Here is a barrow, fuppofed to have been 
the work of the Danes. Between this place and Pudlicot, 
a fubterraneous paffage leads down to Evenlode river. 
LIN'EN, a town of Germany, in the county of Teck- 
lenburg : feven miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Tecklenburg. 
LIN'EN, f. \Jinum, Lat.] Cloth made of hemp or flax. 
—Here is a baiket, he may creep in ; throw foul linen 
upon him, as if going to bucking. Skakefpeare . 
Unfeen, unfelt, the fiery ferpent fkims 
Between her linen and her naked limbs. Dryden. 
Linen was not worn by the Jews, Greeks, or Romans, 
as any part of their ordinary drefs. Under-tunics of a 
finer texture fupplied the place of fhirts: hence the occa- 
fion for frequent bathing. Alexander Severus was the 
firft emperor who wore a fhirt; but the ufe of fo neceffary 
a garment did not become common till long after him. 
The linen-manufafture was probably introduced into 
Britain with the firft fettlements of the Romans. The 
flax was certainly firft planted by that nation in the Bri- 
tifh foil. The plant itfelf indeed appears to have been 
originally a native of the eaft. The woollen-drapery would 
naturally be prior in its origin to the linen ; and the fibrous 
plants from which the threads of the latter are produced, 
feem to have been firft noticed and worked by the inhabi¬ 
tants of Egypt. In Egypt, indeed, the linen-manufac¬ 
ture appears to have been very early; for even in Jofeph’s 
time it had rifcn to a confiderable height. From the Egyp¬ 
tians the knowledge of it proceeded probably to the Greeks, 
and from them to the Romans. Even at this day the flax 
is imported among us from the eaftern nations; the weft- 
ern kind being merely a degenerate fpecies of it. 
The linen-trade of Europe is chiefly in the hands of the 
Ruffians, Germans, Swifs, Flemings, Hollanders, and 
French. Linen is the ftaple of Ireland, as it was of Scot¬ 
land ; but it was long negleCted. The Scots at prefent 
are not, however, in fo bad a fituation in refpect to this 
trade, as the French were in the reign of king Henry IV. 
or the Irifh at the revolution ; where, by the force of 
public encouragement, it has arrived to an extraordinary 
pitch, and it is to be hoped will daily advance; the Scots 
have it not to begin, and they are improving and extend¬ 
ing it to a very great degree. The balance of trade be¬ 
tween England and Scotland, and England and Ireland, 
is on the Englifh fide; and fo far as England and its de¬ 
pendencies can be ferved with linen from Scotland and 
Vot. XII. Nor 868. 
Ireland, inftead of Holland, France, Germany, and Ruf- 
fia, fo far will England be a gainer by this change in the 
couife of trade. The more linen the Scots and Irifh can 
fell in England, the more of the Englifh commodities will 
they be able to purchafe; and it may be reafonably fup- 
poled that their demands from England will always in- 
creafe in proportion to the increafe of their people and li¬ 
nen-manufactures. It is then evidently the intereft of 
England to promote and advance the manufacture of linen 
in Scotland and Ireland, and to give them all reafonable 
advantages in the trade, in preference to foreigners, where 
the balance of trade is againft us; and this feems to be the 
fenfe of the nation, fince all foreign linen, for home-con- 
fumption, pays a duty. Pcjllethwayte's Did. Com. 
Thelinen-tradeof this country is regulated by feveral fta- 
tutes. No perfon fliall put to fale any piece of dowlas linen, 
&c. unlefs the juft length be exprefled thereon, on pain of 
forfeiting the fame. 28 Hen. VIII. c. 4. Ufing means whereby 
linen cloth fhallbe made deceitfully, incurs a forfeiture of 
the linen, and a month’s imprifomnent, 1 Eliz. c. 12. By 
flat. 43 Geo. III. c. 69. all former duties on linen cloth, 
iilks, cottons,and calicoes,are repealed; and in lieu thereof 
other duties are impofed upon all goods which fhall be 
printed, ftained, painted, or dyed, in Great Britain, accord¬ 
ing to a fchedule annexed to the aft; and by 50 Geo. III. 
c. 26. certain export-duties are impofed; the laid duties 
to be paid by the printer, llainer, painter, or dyer. By 
49 Geo. III. c. 98. certain duties and cuftoms are impofeii 
upon French linens, (or lawns.) By 43 Geo. III. c. 69. 
every calico printer, and every printer, painter, or ftainer, 
of linens, cottons, or fluffs, fhall pay annually for a li¬ 
cence iol. The printing or flaining of calicoes muft be 
for exportation ; becaule, by 7 Geo. I. c. 7. the ufe of 
printed, painteu, ftained, or dyed, calico, for wearing-ap¬ 
parel, is prohibited, on pain of 5I. to the informer, on con¬ 
viction ; and a perfon offering fuch for fale, unlefs for 
exportation, forfeits 20I. half to the informer, and half to 
the poor. This prohibition, however, does not extend 
to calicoes dyed wholly blue; and it fhall be lawful to ufe 
fluff made of linen yarn and cotton wool manufactured 
and printed or painted in Great Britain, provided the 
warp thereof be wholly linen-yarn. 9 Geo. II. c. 4. By 
14 Geo. III. c. 72. it is enaCted that no greater duty fhall 
be paid for fluffs made of raw cotton wool within this 
kingdom than 3jd. a yard ; 43 Geo. III. c. 69. and that any 
perlon may ufe the fame in apparel or otherwife; and every 
piece is to have three blue ltripes in both felvedges, and 
to be ftamped at each end with a ftamp provided by the 
officers of excife; and, inftead of the word Calico, ufed for 
foreign calicoes, each piece fliall be marked with the words 
Britifh Manufactory. Calicoes, &c. that fhall not have three 
blue threads in the felvedge, fhall be deemed foreign cali¬ 
coes; and, on being printed or dyed, fliall be marked at 
end with the words “Foreign Calicoes for Exportation;’* 
and every dealer who fhall have any fuch goods in his cuf- 
tody (except dyed throughout of one colour), or any fluffs 
made wholly of cotton wool wove in Great Britain, com¬ 
monly called “Britifh Manufactory,” (muffins, neckcloths, 
and fuftians, excepted,) not having fuch blue threads, fhall 
forfeit 200I. and every fuch piece found in his cultody. 
25 Geo. III. c. 72. The owner or printer of any piece 
or remnant of CQffac or foreign muffins and calicoes fhall, 
before they be prefented to the officer, mark the fame at 
both ends with a frame-mark, containing his name and 
place of abode, and alfo the name by which fuch goods 
are commonly known (except fuch as are dyed through¬ 
out of one colour), on pain of forfeiting iol. for every 
piece or remnant. The owner or printer of any linens or 
fluffs made of cotton mixed, or wholly of cotton wool 
wove in Great Britain, called “Britifh Manufactory or 
Muffins,” fliall mark the fame at both ends (fuftians, 
velvets, velverets, dimities, and other figured fluffs, ex¬ 
cepted) with a mark containing his name and place of 
abode, and the name and quality of fuch goods, with the 
ready-money price thereof, before the fame are prefented 
9 C to 
