LINN 
lie fhaken over the female tree, (fays Ariftotle,) the fruit 
of the latter will ripen quickly.” Diofcorides names fe- 
veral plants male and female, but without a knowledge 
of their relative fexes, for he calls that the male mercury 
which bears the feed, and that the female which is bar¬ 
ren. Pliny obferves that naturalifts allow the diftinb'tion 
of fex, not only in trees, but in herbs and all plants. 
Cffifalpitius reformed the errors of former writers, in fup- 
pofing the barren plant to be the male, and that which 
bears the feed to be the female; but his notion goes no 
further than to thofe where the organs are placed on fepa- 
rate roots produced from the fame feed. Zaluzianlki, a 
native of Poland, firft difcriminated the true fexes of 
plants, and pointed out the eflential difference between 
the male, the female, and the hermaphrodite. Dr. Grew, 
in 168a, fuggefted the idea that the antherse were necef- 
fary to the impregnation of a plant, and plainly delivers 
it as his opinion, that thefe burft open and Hied the pollen 
or duff contained in them, which falling on the feed-vef- 
fel renders them prolific. Thefe principles were after¬ 
wards adopted by Ray, Camerarius who fpeaks of the 
tnumberof the ftamina in flowers, Malphigi who examined 
the anthera: and pollen by the microlcope, GeofFroy, 
Juflieu, Vaillant, Morland, and others. 
A new objebt foon engaged the attention of our young 
naturalift. The conventions of Rudbeck, concerning the 
natural hiftory of Lapland, and the curiofities he had feen 
there, excited an irrefiftible defire in Linnaeus to vifit the 
fame country. Accordingly, towards the end of the 
year 1731 he retired to his native place, and loon received, 
from the Academy of Sciences at Uplal, an appointment 
to travel through Lapland, under the royal authority, and 
at the expenfe of the academy. After a vifit to Lund in 
the fpring of 173a, Linnaeus fet out from Upfal, May 
izth, on his Lapland expedition. He travelled on horfe- 
back, but (lenderly provided with baggage; and, after 
vifiting the Lapland alps on foot, and defcending to the 
coalt of Norway, of which he has given a molt piifurefque 
and linking delcription, returned by Tornea, and the eaft 
fide of the Bothnian gulf, to Abo, and fo to Upfal, which 
he reached on the 10th of October, having performed a 
journey of near four thoufand Englilh miles; for which 
the academy allowed him his expenfes, amounting to ten 
pounds fterling! The particulars of this interefting expe¬ 
dition, which produced his Flora Lapponica, have lately 
been given to the public, in an Englilh tranllation of the 
original journey written on the fpot, illuftrated with wooden 
cuts from his own Iketches, making two obtavo volumes. 
This document, a faithful tranfcript of his own mind, and 
written folely for his own ufe, gives a molt amiable and 
refpebtable idea of the charabler and acquirements of this 
celebrated man, at this period of his life. 
Having learned the art of alfaying metals during ten 
days’ refidence at the mines of Biorknas, near Calix, in 
the courfe of his tour, he next year gave a private courfe 
of lectures on that fubjebl, which had never been taught at 
Upfal before. The jealoufy of Dr. Rofen, however, pur- 
fued him; and this rival defcended fo low as to procure, 
partly by intreaties, partly by threats, the loan of his tna- 
nufcript lectures on botany, which Linnaeus defeated him 
in fnrreptitioufly copying. Rolen had taken by the hand 
a young man named Wallerius, who afterwards became a 
diltinguilhed mineralogilf, and for whom he now procur¬ 
ed, in oppofnion to Linnteus, the new place of adjw.El, 
or affiftant, in the medical faculty at Lund. But the 
bafelt action of Rofen, and which proved envy to be the 
foie fource of his conduct, was, that, having married the 
niece of the archbilhop, he obtained, through his lord- 
ihip’s means, an order from the chancellor to prevent all 
private medical lebtures in the univerfity. This, for 
which there could be no motives but confcious inferio¬ 
rity and malice, deprived Linnseus of his only means of 
■fubfiltence, and the Audents of any information which 
might endanger their reverence for his rival. He is faid 
to have been fo exafperated, as to have drawn his ftvord 
yoi,. XII. No. 868. 
2E U S. f 5s 
upon Rofen, an affront with which the latter chofe t# 
put up, as doubtlefs became the profperous nephew of 
an archbilhop ; but Linnaeus cannot be exculpated from 
having, for fome time afterwards, indulged feelings of 
paffionate refentment, and even of meditated revenge. 
Thefe, however, his better principles and difpofitions, af¬ 
ter a while, entirely fubdued; and Rofen, towards the 
clofe of his life, was glad of the medical aid of the mam 
he had in vain endeavoured to crufli. 
Dilappointed in his views of medical advancement, Lin¬ 
naeus turned his thoughts more immediately to the fub- 
jeCt of mineralogy. In the end of the year 1733, he had 
vilited fome of the principal mines of Sweden, and had 
been introduced to baron Reuterholm, governor of the 
province of Dalarne, or Dalecarlia, refident at Fahlun. 
This, place Linnaeus has perpetuated in the memory of 
botanilts, by his Lichen Fahlunenjis, a production more re- 
fembling fome ramification of the neighbouring copper 
ores than any thing of vegetable origin. At the perfua- 
lion, as well as at the expenfe, of the governor, he tra¬ 
velled through theeaftern part of Dalecarlia, accompanied 
by feven of bis ableft pupils; and the unptiblilhed journal 
of his tour exiits in his library. At Fahlun lie gave a 
courle of ledures on the art of aflaying, which- was nu- 
meroufly attended ; and here he fir It became acquainted 
with Brownllius, then chaplain to the governor, after¬ 
wards bifhop of Abo. This judicious friend advifed Lin- 
nteus to take his dobtor’s degree, in order to purlue the 
practice of phyiic, in which he had already at Fahlun met 
with much fuccels; and he further recommended him to 
aim at fome advantageous matrimonial connedion. Dr. 
John Morseus, a phylician of the place, though at firft not 
prepoflefled in favour of our young adventurer, whofe 
medical fuccefs had encroached on his own, allowed him 
to pay hisaddrefles to his eldelt daughter; bat their union 
was for the prefent deferred. 
In purfuit of the plan pointed out by Browallius, Lin¬ 
naeus, having feraped together about 15I. Iterling, now 
entered on his travels, with a view of obtaining his degree 
at the cheapeft univerfity he could find, and of feeing as 
much of the learned world as his chances and means 
might enable him to do. In the beginning of the year 
1735 he fet out, after vifiting his father, lately become a 
widower, in company with another medical ltudent, named 
Sohlberg. At Hamburg his ikill and honefty unfortunately 
flood in his way. Spreckelfen, a feefetary of the coun¬ 
cil and a confiderable naturalift, had in his pofiefiion a 
monftrous produbtion, which till that time had been con- 
fidered the molt valuable curiofity in Europe, and was re¬ 
ceived as a pledge for the loan of ten thoufand marks, a 
fum equal to leven hundred and fifty pounds. It repre- 
fented a hydra, or water-ferpent, with feven heads ; and 
had been figured as fuch by Seba in his Thefaurus Natu- 
raliura. This celebrated monfter, upon an accurate exami¬ 
nation, and by his acquaintance with the comparative ftruc- 
ture of the jaw-bone3 of animals, Linnaeus found to be an 
impofture; and proved that thele leven heads were merely 
made up of the jaw-bones of wealels artfully covered with 
the (kins of ferpents. A difeovery fb injurious to its pof- 
felfor and the credit of the univerfity, raifed a clamour 
againft the young naturalift, the fury of which he thought 
it prudent to avoid, through the advice of his friend Dr. 
Jsenifch, by filenrly leaving the city. 
Profecuting the object of his journey, he reached the 
univerfity of Harderwyk at the end of May, and on the 
twenty-fourth of the following June was admitted dobtor 
in medicine. His inaugural thefts was a differtation on 
the caufes of intermittent fevers, which in 1735 was pub- 
liflied in the Amrenitates Academicse. From Harderwyk 
he proceeded to Leyden, and formed an intimacy with 
Vail Royen, Van Sweiten, Leiburkuhn, Lawfon,and Gro- 
novius. Among the caufes which contributed to enlarge 
the views and ripen the judgment ofLinnseus, may be reck¬ 
oned the facility with which he made himfelf known and 
regarded by the malt learned men of his time. Wher- 
« F eyer 
