L I S 
or other. The merchants ufually keep their coaches in the 
halls; and fometimes they anfwer for both coach-houfe 
and (table. Notwithftanding the excellent building-mate¬ 
rials with which the diftribt abounds, the rearing of a houfe 
here cods more than one of the fame dimenfions in Lon¬ 
don. This, in a great meafure, is owing to the want of 
proper machines for tranfporting the materials, and of 
convenient tools to facilitate the work; and yet it is ex¬ 
traordinary with what dexterity the people fupply the 
want of thefe apparatus. Of a houfe four Rories high the 
attic is the pleafanteft floor; it is often furniflied with a 
balcony, elegantly ornamented with rails of iron gilt, and 
furniflied with an awning of filk or linen, under which 
the ladies fit on cufhions during the hot weather, employ¬ 
ing their time in reading, fowing, or cafting love-fignals 
in the filent language of the fingers ; a method of con¬ 
veying their ideas, which they have reduced to an alpha¬ 
betic Yyflem. The principal apartments of many of the 
nobility and merchants are furniflied in a magnificent 
manner. The manufactures of India and of China are more 
common in their houfes than thofe of Europe. In the 
diRribution of the apartments, coolnefs and ventilation 
are confulted, in preference to warmth. Here grates and 
chimney-pieces are almoft unknown ; in winter, a warm 
cloak is the common fubflitute fora fire. The hall-doors 
are generally left open, and bells fupply the place of 
knockers. In point cf cleanlinefs, Liflion is become lefs 
a fubjeft of animadverfion for ftrangers; but all is not yet 
done ; it (till wants common fewers, pipe-water, and wa- 
ter-clofets. There is no court end of the town here, nor 
a lioufe that will let to advantage merely on account of 
its fituation. One of the principal modern ftreets is chiefly 
inhabited by copper-fmitlis and tin-men. 
It is very difficult to afcertain the number of inhabi¬ 
tants in Liflion. The different foreign factories are not 
numbered with the natives. The Englifli fa&ory alone 
is computed at lix hundred fouls: the Dutch and Ger¬ 
man fadtories confilt alfo of a great number of perfons. 
In the year 1716, pope Clement XI. declared in a confif- 
tory, that the atteftations fent to him from Liflion afferted, 
that the weftern part only of that city contained near 
300,000 inhabitants. In the year 1730, Antonio de Oli¬ 
veira Freire, in his chorographical defcription of Portu¬ 
gal, attributes no lefs than 800,000 inhabitants to Liflion. 
In the year 1754, the attelfations fent to Rome, in order 
to procure bulls, afligned 600,000 inhabitants to the me¬ 
tropolis. The Gentleman’s Magazine, from which we have 
copied, as above, an account of the earthquake. Rates the 
population, previous to that event, at 500,000. To come 
nearer to our own time ; according to the decennial cen- 
fus in the year 1790, the forty pariflies of Liflion contained 
38,101 fire-places, or hearths ; thefe include the fuburbs 
of Junqueira and Alcantara, but not the villages of Belem 
and Campo-Grande, though thefe, particularly the firfi, 
are connedfed with the town, being within the boundary 
of Liflion. Including Belem, a market-town which com¬ 
pletely joins Junqueira, the population may be eflimated, 
according to Link, at above 300,000, exclufive of the mi¬ 
litary. Mr. Murphy, who about the fame time refided 
ten months at Liflion, fets down the population in pre- 
cife numbers, 12.8,61a ; but to thefe are to be added the 
religious of both fexes, with their attendants, who dwell 
in (Tonvents and monafteries, the foldiery, the profelfors 
and Rudents in leminaries of education, and fuch of the 
Gallician labourers as have no fixed dwelling; their aggre¬ 
gate amount is not very (hort of twelve thoufand. Ac¬ 
cording to this flatement, the population exceeds 140,000. 
Liflion is quite open on all fides, having neither walls 
nor gates, nor even any fortifications, except a fmall caf- 
tle in the middle of the town, and a number of batteries 
or fmall forts on the river. The ground on which the 
city Rands is very liilly, and, according to the Portuguefe 
writers, is fituated, like ancient Rome, on feven hills ; but 
it may be more properly regarded as Randing on three 
hills. The firfl begins at the bridge of Alcantara, form- 
B O N. 783 
ing the proper weRern limit of the town, and extending 
to St. Benedict's Areet. This hill is the highefl, and much 
celebrated for the falubrity of its air. At the weRern ex¬ 
tremity it is but little cultivated, but farther to the eafi- 
ward up to its fummit, forming in that direction a plain, 
on which Rands the new monaflery. In many parts it is 
lb (teep, that it is laborious to walk along the Rreets ; and 
even the lower fireet, which runs along the river, has con- 
fiderable declivities, and is much incommoded by torrents 
occafioned by heavy falls of rain. In this part many 
liandfome houfes are ereCted, intermixed with thofe of a 
meaner fort, in Rreets that are irregular, ill paved, and 
often narrow. Among thefe fcattered houfes are gardens, 
and even corn-fields. On this hill the late queen built a 
church and convent, to which (lie was much attached. 
The church is handfome, but conflruCted in a bad tafle, 
and overloaded with ornaments. Not far from this church 
is the proteflant burial-ground, which is planted with cy- 
prefles and Judas-trees, Cercis filiquafirum. Beyond the 
houfes is a pleafant plain, called Campo de Ourique, fe- 
parated from the neighbouring hills by deep valleys, and 
ufed as a promenade by the lower and middling claffes. 
The fecond hill is a continuation of the firfl, from which 
it is feparated by a valley of no great depth ; it extends 
from BenediCl-flreet to the valley, in which are three 
Rreets built by the late marquis de Pombal. At the 
foot of the eaflern fide of this hill the earthquake did 
great damage, of which traces remain, and thus made way 
for the ereCtion of feveral handfome houfes. On this eaR- 
ern declivity is the opera-houfe. Above the public prome¬ 
nade this hill rifes to a confiderable height, and is very 
fleep towards the next valley. This eminence affords a 
very fine view ; in the valley beneath appears the befl part 
of the town ; to the left are olive-gardens interfperfed 
with many houfes, monafleries, and churches ; oppofite is 
the high fleep hill on which the caflle Rands ; to the left 
the Tagus covered with (hips. This hill is fucceeded by 
an even valley of confiderable length and breadth, which 
forms the broadefl part of the town, which was entirely 
rebuilt after the earthquake of 1755. On the bank of the 
river is a handfome fquare, formerly the terrace or parade 
of the royal palace, 610 feet by 550. The quay, and the 
groups of people where the (hips and boats are landing 
and taking in their cargoes, excite attention. The eafl 
(ide is formed by a large building with an arcade, termi¬ 
nating in a pavilion, which is ufed as an exchange. Op¬ 
pofite to it is a limilar building without a pavilion. In 
the centre of this fquare, the avenues of which are unfi- 
niftied, is an equeltrian fiatue of Don Jofeph in bronze, 
on a pedeflal of Rone adorned with various fymbols. The 
three principal Rreets rebuilt (ince the earthquake, are 
formed by large buildings of confiderable elevation and 
good appearance. The line that divides Eafl and WeR 
Li(bon, which is an ecclefiaftical diflinCfion, (the former 
belonging to the bifliop of Lifbon and the latter to the pa¬ 
triarchate,) paffes through this part of the town. Near 
this fpot is the great palace of the Inquifition. Another 
fmall fquare not far diftant is ufed as a promenade, and 
forms a garden, with feveral avenues of various kinds of 
trees and hedges. Behind this garden are the play-houfe 
and thefquar-e ufed for bull-fights; and at a fmall diflance 
are market-places. The third hill begins with an emi¬ 
nence, on which is the caflle of Lifbon, from which it 
continues, with fome interruption of plains, to the eafi- 
ern extremity of the town. The caflle is a fmall fort. 
This part of the town confifls of narrow, irregular, ill- 
paved, ftreets, in which occur a few neat houies. The 
buildings are conltructed on bad models; and even among 
the churches there is not one particularly diflinguifhed, 
and a conflant noife of little bells and bad chimes renders 
them ffill more unpleafant. 
The Tagus wadies the foundations of the houfes 
throughout Lilbon ; being towards the eaftern part about 
two or three leagues broad ; to the weft it becomes nar¬ 
rower, and as far as its mouth it is only about a league 
3 broad. 
