802 LITERATURE. 
which, under the younger Gordian, contained 62,000 vo¬ 
lumes. 
The ftate of philology, during this period, is thus de- 
fcribed : From the fchools of the Jews ilfued, piece-meal, 
the Mafora, the Talmuds, and the Cabbala. The molt 
renowned fcholars of that nation were Akiba, Simeon- 
ben Jochai, (author of the book called Sohar,) and R. Na¬ 
than of Babylon. The principal Greek philologifts were 
Hephasltion of Alexandria, whofe Enchiridion was pub¬ 
lilhed by Paw, in 1726 ; Julius Pollux, author of the 
Onomafticon, publilhed by Lederlin in 2 vols. folio in 
1706 ; Phrynicus of Bithynia, whofe Eclogues of Attic 
nouns and verbs were publilhed by Paw in 4*0. 1739 ; 
./Elius Moeris, whofe Attic Lexicon was publilhed by 
Pierion, together with the Philasterus of ^Elius He rod i- 
anus, in 8vo. 1759. Hefychius of Alexandria, whofe ex¬ 
cellent Glolfary was molt l'plendidly edited by Alberti and 
Ruhnkenius in 1746—1766 ; to which a very valuable 
fupplement from a manufcript in the library of St. Mark 
at Venice was given by Schow in 8vo. 179a 5 Timseus, 
whofe Lexicon of the words peculiar to Plato was edited 
by Ruhnkenius in 1789 ; Valerius Harpocration of Alex¬ 
andria, whofe Lexicon of the ten Athenian Orators was 
publilhed by Gronovius in 1696 5 and Ammonius, whofe 
Greek Synonyma were publilhed, with Valckenser’s notes, 
by C. F. Amnion, in 8vo. 1787. Among the Latins, we 
find ^lius Donatus, who lived at Rome about the mid¬ 
dle of the 4th century, and was St. Jerome’s mafter ; and 
to whom he falfely afcribed Commentaries on Virgil and 
Terence; Afconius Pedianus, who wrote a Commentary 
on fome of Cicero’s Orations, of which we have a few 
eltimable fragments; R. Fannius Palaemon, author of a 
fort of grammar; M. Valerius Probus, author of Gramma¬ 
tical Inftitutes, and of notes on Terence and Virgil 5 Cen- 
forinus, whofe traft De Die Natali, with a perpetual Com¬ 
mentary by Lindenbrog, was edited by Havercamp in 
1743 ; Nonius Marcellus, author of a work De Proprietate 
fermonum; and F. M. Theodorus, whofe work On the 
Quantity of Syllables was publilhed by Heufmger in 
1766. 
The chief hiftorians of this period were, in Greek, Flavius 
Jofephus; Plutarch; Arrian, Appian; Paufanias; Chili¬ 
an ; Dio Caflius, fome inedited fragments of whom were 
publilhed by Morellius in 1798 ; and Herodian. The Latin 
hiftorians are Velleius Paterculus; Valerius Maximus; Ta¬ 
citus; Suetonius; Q. Curtius; Florus; Juftin; AulusGel- 
lius; the fix writers of Hiftorise Auguftse; namely Spartian, 
Jul. Capitoiinus, Lampridius, Vulc, Gallicanus, Treb. 
Pollio, and Flav. Vopifcus, who were publilhed together, 
with the notes of Cafaubon, Salmafius, and Gruter, in 2 
vol. 8vo. 1671, and re-publilhed by J. P. Schmidt in 1771; 
Bext. Aur. Victor, Eutropius, and Ammianus Marcelli- 
nus. On Chronology, we have Ptolemy, edited at London 
in 4to. 1620; and Julius Africanus, of whom fome frag¬ 
ments have been preferved by Eufebius. On Geography, 
we have Strabo, of whom the laft edition was publiflied 
by Siebenkees and Tzfuche in 2 vols. 8vo. 1798 ; Arrian, 
whofe Periplus Ponti Euxini, and Periplus Maris Ery- 
thrcei, were publilhed in the firft vol. of Hudfon’s Collec¬ 
tion; Ptolemy, edited by Mercator in 1605, and by Ber- 
tius in 1619, both editions in folio. Potnponius Mela, 
laft edition by Kapp, 1781; C- Plinius Secundus, laft edi¬ 
tion by Frauzius, 10 vols. large 8vo. 1791. To tliefe may 
be added the Itinerarium Antonini Augufti, publilhed by 
Weffeling in 4to. 1735. 
Of the mathematical works of this period, the author 
mentions the Sphasrics of Menelaus; Ptolemy’s MtycA-i j 
currant ; Serenus on the Cylinder; Philo on Curve Lines; 
Demetrius on the fame fubjeft; Nicomachus’s Introduc¬ 
tion to Arithmetic; of which the Arithmetic of Boetius 
is only a free tranflation; thirteen books on Arithmetic by 
Diophantus of Alexandria, of which only fix are extant; 
and a book on Polygons by the fame author. Both works 
were publilhed together in Greek and Latin, with the 
Commentaries of Bachet, and the Obfervations of Fermat, 
&c. at Thouloufe in folio, 1670. Jn the former of thefe 
works, we difcover the firft traces of the analytic method, 
now denominated algebra. Of the mathematical works 
of Pappus, fome fragments have been publilhed by Wal¬ 
lis, Meibomius, and Condamine. Of Theon of Alexan¬ 
dria, there remain a recenfion of Euclid’s Elements, Scho* 
lia on Aratus, and a commentary on the Syn taxi’s of Pto¬ 
lemy. Theon’s daughter, Hypatia, wrote obfervations on 
Apollonius and Diophantus, and conftrufted aftronomical 
tables; but her works are loft. On tatties, Onofander, 
a Platonift, wrote a work called Strategicology, which 
was publilhed, with a French tranflation, at Nuremberg, 
in folio, 1762. The Stratagemata of Frontinus, in four 
books, were publilhed by Oudendorp in 8vo. 1779; and 
again much improved by Wiegman in 1798. 
The Stoic philofophy was cultivated by Athenodorus, 
Q. Sextius, A. Cornutus, Mufonius Rufus, and Epicte¬ 
tus, whofe Enchiridion was latterly publiflied by C. G. 
Heyne in 8vo. 1776, and, together with Cebes’s Table, 
by Schweighaufer 8vo. 1798. Simplicius, a philofopher of 
Alexandria in the 6th century, wrote a Greek commen¬ 
tary on the Enchiridion, publiflied by Hein( 5 us in 1640; 
and the work of M. Aurel. Antoninus De Rebus fuis,. 
publilhed by Gataker at Cambridge in 1652, and at Lon¬ 
don by Stanhope in 1707, belongs to the fame clafs. The 
chief of the Peripatetic philofophers, during this period, 
was Andronicus of Rhodes, Alexander Aphrodiftus, and 
Themiftius. Of the fchool of Pythagoras, were Apollo¬ 
nius Tyaneus, and Philoftratus. The Platonic philofo¬ 
phy was cultivated by the Chriftian writers, and blended 
with the doCtrines of Chriftianity. Juftin Martyr, Ta- 
tian, Theophilus of Antioch, Clement of Alexandria, 
Origen, &c. were all Platonilts; as alfo, among the Hea¬ 
thens, were Galen, Albinus, Theon of Smyrna, Taurus, 
Numenius, Favorinus, Plutarch, Apuleius, Dio Chry- 
foftom, M. Tyrius, and Lucian. Philo Judaeus was like- 
wife a Platonift. The difciples of Epicurus were, Celfus, 
(the great adverfary of the Chriftians,) Diogenes Laertius, 
and Sextus Empiricus the Pyrrhonilt; the belt edition- of 
whofe works is that of Fabricius, revifed and improved 
by Mund, 1796. Towards the end of the fecond cen¬ 
tury, a new feCt of Platonilts arofe, called the EcleCtics } 
of whom the principal were, Amonius Saccas, Longinus, 
Herinnius, Origen, Plotinus, Jamblichus, &c. Among 
the Romans, philofophy had few cultivators: the chief of 
them was Seneca. 
Poetry, as well as oratory, felt an extraordinary decay 
during this period. The only Greek poet here noticed 
by the author is Oppian ; whofe works were publilhed in 
Greek and Latin by Schneider in 8vo. 1776 ; and the Cy- 
nogetics, revifed in four manufcripts by De Ballu, in 410. 
and 8vo. 1786. Here M. Meufel introduces Lucian as 
a profe-poet, and recommends the edition of Reitz, 4 
vols. in 4to. 1743 ; re-publilhed at Deux-ponts in xo vols. 
8vo. 1793. Achilles Tatius, a Chriftian bilhop, wrote the 
firft romance extant, called Clitophon and Leucippe, about 
the middle of the third century; and Heliodorus, 1 'ome- 
what more than a century afterward, wrote his Theagenes 
and Chariclea; but the belt of thofe erotic writers was 
Longus, whofe Daphnis and Chloe was correCtly edited 
by Villoifon in 1778. The Anthia and Abrocomus of 
Xenophon of Ephei'us was repubiilhed, from the old edi¬ 
tion of Cochi, at London in 17265 and the Chaereas and 
Callirhoe of Chariton was publilhed by D’Arvilius at 
Amlterdam in 1783. All thefe were Greek poets or ro¬ 
mancers. The Latins were, Csefar Germanicus, who 
trandated, in a free manner, the Phenomena and Prog- 
noltica of Aratus; Phedrus, the freedman of Auguftus, 
who put the fables of ./Efop into elegant Iambics ; Pe- 
tronius Arbiter, whofe Satyricon was Jaltly publilhed by 
Gottleb, at Leipfic, in 1781 ; Seneca, whofe tragedies 
were publiflied by Sliroeder in 1794; Perfius 5 Lucan; 
Val. Flaccus; P. Statius ; Martial ; Silius Italicus ; Juve¬ 
nal ; Apuleius; Qlympius Nemefianus, whofe Cynoge- 
ticum was publiflied at London in 1699, anti at the Hague 
among the poets Rei Venationis 1728 ; the eclogues of T. 
Julius Calpurnius were publilhed in Wernldorf's Minor 
Latin 
