LIT 
84! 
corolla deeply three-cleft; filaments feparate, dilated at 
their bale. Germens three, cohering; ftyles three, united 
into one; ftigma undivided; berry folitarv, of one cell; 
feed folitary ; albumen with a ventral cavity; embryo at 
the back. 
Species, i. Liviftona inermis, or unarmed liviftona: 
fegments of the leaves with intermediate threads ; foot- 
ftalks without thorns, Steins from fourteen to thirty feet 
high. 2. Liviftona-huinilis, or dwarf liviftona: footftalks 
thorny. Stem from four to fix feet high. Natives of the 
tropical part of New Holland. Brown's Prodr. Nov. Hall. 
vol. i. p. 267. 
LTV'IUS ( Andronicus), is regarded as the mod ancient 
of the Roman poets. He was the firft who attempted to 
compofe a drama in verfe, which he himfelf fung and 
afted, while a player on the flute accompanied him in 
unifon to keep him in tune. He was encored, and obliged 
to repeat his pieces fo often, that he loft his voice ; and, 
being unable to ling or declaim any longer, he was al¬ 
lowed to have a (lave to fing, while he only aft’ed the part 
behind him. Hence came the cultom of dividing the de¬ 
clamation or melody of the piece, with which the Roman 
people were extremely delighted. Andronicus reprelented 
liis firft piece on the ftage in the year of Rome 514, B. C. 
240, a year before the birth of Ennius. He is faid to have 
been a Have, of Greek origin, and to have received his 
Latin name Livius from Livius Salinator, whofe children 
he inftrucled, and who made him free. His productions 
■were principally dramatic, and probably, for the moft 
part, comedy, but rude in their defign, and barbarous in 
language. But he wrote, befides, hymns to the gods, one 
of which, in honour of Juno, is faid by Livy and Val. 
Maximus to have been fung through the city by girls. 
An Odyfley is likewife attributed to him. His lines are 
frequently quoted by grammarians and critics; and thefe 
quotations are the only relics left of him : they have been 
printed, along with the fragments of the other ancient 
Latin poets, in the Comici Latini, and the Corpus Po- 
etarum. His poetry was grown obfolete in the age of Ci¬ 
cero, whofe nicety and judgment would not even recom¬ 
mend the reading of it. 
LIV'IUS (Titus), in Englifh commonly called Livy, 
a very eminent Roman hiftorian, was a native either of 
the city or territory of Padua. He came to Rome in the 
reign of Auguftus, where he appears to have been admit¬ 
ted to the familiarity of feveral perfons of rank, .and of 
the emperor himfelf. Suetonius mentions that Claudius, 
afterwards emperor, undertook to write hiftory in his 
youth on the perfuafion of Livy, whence it has been fup- 
pofed that he had fome concern in that prince's educa¬ 
tion. He made himfelf known by fome philofophical 
dialogues; but his literary reputation was principally 
built upon his great Hiftory of Rome, from the founda¬ 
tion of the city to the death of Drufus, in one hundred 
and forty-two books, of which only thirty-five are ex¬ 
tant. No work of the kind feems to have been received 
with greater applaufe. Even during his life-time fo high 
was his fame, that, as we are informed by Pliny the 
younger, a Spaniard from Cadiz came to Rome on pur- 
pofe to obtain a fight of him ; and, having gratified his 
curiofity, immediately departed. Of the circumftances 
of Livy’s life we are almoft totally uninformed. He died 
at Padua, in the fourth year of the reign of Tiberius, 
A. D. 17, at the age of feventy-fix. 
The hiftory of Livy is mentioned with the higheft praife 
by all the pofterior Roman writers, as Seneca, Pliny the 
elder, and efpecialiy •Quintilian ; and from that portion of 
it, which has come down to our times, its merits do not 
appear to have been exaggerated. His deferiptions are 
Angularly lively and pidturefque ; and there are few fpe- 
cimens of oratory fuperior to that of many of the fpeeches 
with which, in conformity with the practice of antiquity, 
bis narratives are copioufly interfperfed. Although he 
may occafionally be too favourable to his own country¬ 
men, yet he frequently puts into the mouth of his fo- 
Vol. XII, No. 876. 
L I V 
reign fpeakers the fevered ftriiftureson the injufticeof the 
Roman policy. He does not poflefs the philosophic fpirit 
of Tacitus and fome other hiftorians, and has been charged 
with credulity in recording the vulgar prodigies of every 
year ; yet he gives fufficient reafon to believe that this 
was only in compliance with the cuiiom of other aunalifts, 
and that he was no dupe to pious frauds. He bellowed 
fuch liberal praifes on Pompey, that Auguftus ufed to 
call him a Pompeian, yet did not fliow the lefs friendfhip 
to him on that account. His ftyle was cenfured by A(i- 
nius Pollio, as not entirely free from Palavinity ; by which 
he doubtlefs meant a certain taint of the provincialifm of 
his native country ; and fome modern critics have very 
ufelelsly employed themfelves in endeavouring to deteft 
the veftiges of this defeat. The emperor Caligula thought 
proper to charge him with being both verbofe and unfaith¬ 
ful ; but that imperial madman was equally the enemy of 
many other great authors, and his judgment can command 
little refpeft. 
The works of Livy have been divided by fome,of the 
moderns into fourteen decades, each confiding of ten 
books. The firft decade comprehends the hiftory of 46® 
years. The fecond decade is loll. The third compre¬ 
hends the hiftory of the fecond Punic war, which includes 
about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the 
wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain 
about 23 years. For the firft five books of the fifth de¬ 
cade, we are indebted to the refearches of the moderns ; 
they were found at Worms, A. D. 1431. The third de¬ 
cade feems to be fuperior to the others; yet the author 
has not fcrupled to copy from his contemporaries and pre- 
deceflors, and we find many paflages taken word for word 
from Polybius, in which the latter has fliown himfelf more 
informed in military affairs, and fuperior to his imitator. 
Thefe are the books that remain of Livy’s hiftory ; though 
an epitome of the whole, excepting two books, is pre- 
ferved; hut this gives no more than the heads of the mat¬ 
ter. But the lofs which the celebrated work has fuftained 
by the ravages of time, has in fome meafure been cora- 
penfated by the labours of Freinfhemius, who with great 
attention and induftry has made an epitome of the Roman 
hiftory, which is now incorporated with the remaining 
books. Of the editions of Livy, thofe moft efteemed are 
that of Gronovius cum Notis variorum, 3 vols. 8vo. 
Lugd. Bat. 1679 ; of Leclerc, Amft. 10 vols. nmo. 1709 ; 
of Ctevier, Paris, 6 vols. 4to. 1735; and of Drakenborch, 
Amft. 7 vols. 4to. 1738. They have been tranfiated into 
almoft all modern languages. VoJJii Hijl. Lat. Harwood. 
LI'UNG, a town of Sweden, in Weft Gothland : eight 
miles fouth of Uddevalla.—A town in Eaft Gothland: 
eight miles north-north-weft of Linkioping. 
LIUN'GA, orJuN'qA, a river of Sweden, which rifes 
in the province of Harjedalen ; and takes the name of 
Niurunda, at Hafro, in the province of Medelpad. 
LI'UNG BY, a town of Sweden, in the province of 
Schonen : iixteen miles eaft of Helfingborg. 
LIV'NI, a town of Ruflia, in the government of Orel, 
on the Solva : eighty-four miles eaft of Orel. Lat. 52. 58. 
N. Ion.38.22. E. 
LIVO'NIA, a province of Ruflia, with the title of a 
duchy, which, including Efthonia, lies in lat. 58. N. and 
is bounded on the north by the gulf of Finland, on the 
eaft by Novogorod, on the fouth by Poland, and on the 
weft by the Baltic ; being 190 miles from north to fouth, 
and 180 from weft to eaft, and containing 725,300 inha¬ 
bitants. 
The ancient hiftory of the duchy is very dark and ob- 
feure. Paganifm prevailed here down to the twelfth cen¬ 
tury, when, by the following accident, the Chriftian reli¬ 
gion was firft introduced into Livonia, properly fo called. 
In the year 1158, fome merchants of Bremen, hound to 
Wifby in Gothland, were driven by ftrefs of weather on 
the coaft of Livonia, and landed at the tnouth of the ri¬ 
ver Dunn, near the Baltic. The inhabitants of thofe 
parts, who called themfelves Liven, were at firft for op- 
10 E jpofing 
