HORN EXPEDITION—ANTHROPOLOGY. 
45 
In a further degree of elaboration each of the phratries A and B is divided 
into (usually) two subpliratries, each couplet of subphratries being associated, as 
before, with a group of totem clans; or, continuing Mr. Howitt’s plan of graphic 
representation, such a social structure may be thus represented :— 
Phratry. 
Subphratry. 
Totem Clans. 
A 
a. 
1, 2, 3, etc. 
a) 
B 
b) 
I., II., Ill, etc. 
/33 
Under this scheme the marriage restrictions vary according to the tribe, one— 
the usual—arrangement being that males of “a ” and “ a ” must marry respectively 
females of “/3” and “b”; another that “a” and “b” marry “b” and “/3,” and, 
according to Mr. Howitt, in certain tribes at least, a totem of one class (phratry) 
is I’estricted to a particular totem in the other class. Further, in such cases of 
secondary fourfold division descent is usually, indirectly, through the female^ the 
children of an appropriate marriage belonging to tlie fellow sub-class of that from 
which the mother is derived. Thus the offspring of a marriage between “a” and 
“ /3 ” would belong to “ b.” 
Various modifications, by suppression or amplification of the factors of the 
above scheme—which may be regarded as the most typical and symmetrical— 
occur in different tribes as is set forth in the papers referred to and, according to 
Mr. Howitt’s opinion, all, in which class divisions occur at all, are consistent with 
the idea of the former existence of two primitive phratries even should this not be 
directly manifest. 
With the last diagram in mind we may easily realise the organisation of the 
Aruntas, for here the manifest feature is the division into four subphratries. 
These are named Pultarra, Panunga, Purula and Kumarra.* The two divisions of 
primary rank, or phratries, do not appear upon the surface, nor can I, after much 
enquiry, discover that totems exist in the sense that clanships are thus constituted 
which impose marriage restrictions. 
* The spelling of these names will be found to ^■ar 3 • a little from that stated elsewhere, but that given in 1113 - 
opinion best expresses tbe actual sounds. Pultarra is sometimes pronounced with an approach to the sound of 
Pultharra. 
