HORN EXPEDITION—ANTHROPOLOGY. 
47 
Pultarra 
Panunga 
in which the conjoined arrows indicate the obligatory marriage connections and the 
single arrows point to the phratry nomenclature of the children. 
I have previously stated that the fact of the existence of two primary classes 
or phratries is not directly manifest. Nevertheless, a reference to Mr. Gillen’s 
notes will, I think, show conclusively that these did at one time exist. The 
relations between the Pultarra and Panunga ; between Purula and Kumarra and 
of the two couplets to one another are such as to indicate that these two pairs of 
subphratries represent the two original primary divisions, the names of which, 
however, have entirely disappeared, and the existence of which has been lost sight 
of. With regard to the absence of totem among the Aruntas clans I shall indicate 
later on that, though certainly not operative in the sense we are considering, 
viz.—of imposing additional marriage restrictions, it is quite possible that totem 
groups of a kind do actually exist in this tribe as well as amongst the Lurltchas. 
The Reverend L. Schulze has, in his paper,* described the organisation of the 
natives coming under his observation chiefly, but not exclusively those of the 
Arunta tribe, as consisting of eight divisions in place of four. 
It may seem presumptuous for a mere traveller to urge views in opposition to 
those of a long resident whose opportunities and whose knowledge of the language 
have afforded facilities so much greater than his own, for arriving at correct 
conclusions, but in justice to myself I must say that from no single individual, 
white or black, could I get confirmation of the correctness of Mr. Schulze’s scheme. 
If there was one subject on which the blacks were ready with their informa¬ 
tion it was this. Questions as to what were the names of the divisions; to which 
did a man belong; into which divisions might he marry and what would be the 
designation of his children were answered willingly and without the slightest 
hesitation, discrepancies or variation. Europeans long resident in the various 
parts of the district told precisely the same story, and whatever absence of 
information or contradictory statements met us upon other subjects there was no 
failing in respect of this. Moreover, the Reverend H. Kempe writing to Mr. 
* op. cit. 
