APPENDIX I. 
System of Orthography for Native INords. 
In the foregoing paper the system of orthography for native names, adopted 
by tlie Council of the Royal Geograpliical Society of London, has been followed as 
far as possible, but, as that system does not enable me to reproduce all the vowel 
sounds that occur in the native words which I have had to express, I have 
substituted my own rendering of these as giving the choice of a greater variety of 
sounds. I have also included the symbol ‘h’ to be used for ny, as equivalent to 
the sound of that letter in the Spanish word Seilor. 
In other respects the rules followed are the same as laid down by the 
Geographical Society, which are here repeated with the substitutions and addition 
mentioned. I have, however, not sought to alter the spelling of well known 
places which already occur in existing maps or books, though this frequently is 
not in conformity with the general system adopted. 
1. The true sound of the word as locally pronounced will be taken as the 
basis of the spelling. 
2. An approximation, however, to the sound is alone aimed at. A .system 
which would attempt to represent the more delicate inflections of sound and accent 
would be so complicated as only to defeat itself. Those who desire a more accurate 
pronunciation of the written name must learn it on the spot by a study of local 
accent and peculiarities. 
3. The broad features of the system are that vowels are pronounced as in 
Italian, and consonants as in English. 
4. One accent only is used—the acute—to denote the syllable on which stress 
is laid. This is very important, as the sounds of many names are entirely altered 
by the misplacement of this “ stress.” 
5. Every letter is pronounced. When two vowels come together, each one is 
sounded, though the result, when spoken quickly, is sometimes scarcely to be 
distinguished from a single sound, as in ai, au, ei. 
G. Doubling of a vowel is only neces.sary where there is a distinct repetition 
of the single sound : thus, Nuulua, Oosima. 
7. All vowels are shortened in sound by doubling the following consonant, 
as in Yarra, Tanna., Mecca, Jidda, Bonny. 
