HORN EXPEDITION-ANTHROPOLOGY. 
183 
of green leaves is also inserted in the armlets {kulchia) close to the armpits {hinpa). 
tlreen twigs in leaf are put through the hole in the septum of the nose. 
A defeated trihe, having lost one or more of its numher, returns to camp in 
silence with their bodies smeared with white earth. 
Beliefs and Superstitions. 
The natives do not believe in a Devil or Evil Spirit. The Kurdnitcha, whom 
they .sometimes .speak of as “ Devil-devil,” and of whom they have an awful dread, 
is merely a man intent on murder, who temporarily disfigures his face and 
disguises himself generally by dressing his beard and his hair in fantastic shapes. 
He wears shoes {intC7'lina) the soles of which are skilfully made of interwoven emu 
feather.s, .stuck together with human blood, the uppers being of knitted human 
hair. The.se shoe.s, oval in shape, leave no track,* and the movements of the man 
so equipped cannot be heard. He is invariably provided with a magic stone 
{churi/la), which he carries in his arm-pit. 
Ulthaana. 
The sky is said to be inhabited by three persons—a gigantic man with an 
immense foot shaped like that of the emu, a woman, and a child who never 
developes beyond childhood. The man is called Ulthaana^ meaning .spirit. When 
a native dies, his .spirit is said to ascend to the home of the great Ulthaana, where 
it remains for a short time; the Ulthaana then throws it into the Salt-water (sea) 
[these natives have no personal knowledge of the sea], from which it is rescued by 
two benevolent but lesser Ulthaana, who perpetually reside on the seashore, 
apparently merely for the purpose of rescuing .spirits who have been subject to the 
inhospitable treatment of the great Ulthaana of the heavens {alkh'ra). Henceforth 
the rescued spirit of the dead man lives with the lesser Ulthaana. 
The natives have no idea of punishment or reward hereafter, nor do they 
believe in natural death except in old age. 
Witchcraft. 
Except, as just stated, in cases of old age the natives do not believe in natural 
death and they ridicule the idea of a young man or woman dying from natural 
causes. They believe that death is brought about by the pointing of a specially 
■* Vide Mr. Byrne’s account in preceding paper. 
