872 
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 
Paralysis of the Tongue (Glossoplegia).—Inflammatory pro¬ 
cesses may interfere with the movements of the tongue, but its 
paralysis depends on injury to the hypoglossal nerve which sup¬ 
plies motor filamenls to the collective muscles of the tongue 
and most of those of the hyoid bone. Wounds, abscesses, or in¬ 
flammatory processes may affect the nerves at some point of its 
course or at its origin on the inferior surface of the medulla and 
thus produce glossoplegia. 
Kater (foreigner) saw one-sided paralysis occur in a foal 
which three months before had been wounded in the throat 
with a knife. On the left side the muscles of the tongue had 
so completely disappeared that at the point the upper and lower 
coverings of the mucous membrane were in contact. This 
paralysis is also seen during severe infections, as of contagious 
pleuro-pneumonia of the horse. In central paralysis both nerves 
usually suffer and of course both sides of the tongue, for the 
two hypoglossal nerves arise very close together. In the horse 
paralysis of the tongue sometimes accompanies acute meningitis 
or hydrocephalus. But all double-sided paralysis is not neces¬ 
sarily central. Diplegia occurs in horses whose tongues have 
been roughly handled and where both nerves have been injured. 
The symptoms of one-sided paralysis are displacement of the 
tongue and difflculty in mastication and deglutition. In double¬ 
sided paralysis both acts become nearly impossible, particularly 
the latter. The tongue generally hangs from the mouth. In 
protracted cases the muscles atrophy, though of course in single¬ 
sided paralysis only those of the paralyzed side suffer. The 
disease must not be confounded with the so-called protrusion 
where the tongue is voluntarily lolled out of the mouth. Par¬ 
alysis is shown by distortion and inability to retract the tongue- 
The prognosis is unfavorable. 
Salivary Fistula.—Wounds of the salivary glands and their 
ducts often fail to heal because the continual flow of saliva 
pushes aside the granulations and hinders closure. The gland 
epithelium finally unites with that of the outer skin and through 
the opening so formed saliva flows continually. Although the 
general condition of the animal is only slightly affected much 
saliva escapes during eating and mats the hair of the cheek, 
finally producing a blemish. This is an unsoundness. 
Salivary Calculi.—These concretions form chiefly in the 
parotid, sublingual and submaxillary ducts. They are caused 
by an accidental nucleus, such as a small piece of hay or corn 
or other foreign body penetrating the canal, to which the salts 
