250 
R. J. STANCLIFT. 
bitch is spoken of as being operated upon about the first of the 
present century. 
These operations are performed upon eattle and swine very 
extensively in the Western and Southern States, and upon the 
bitch throughout the whole eountry at the present time. 
The emaseulation of the male domestie animals is of double 
importance in the animal industry, as it renders the animal 
more o-entle and docile and more obedient to his master’s will, 
as in the gelding. It also increases the prodiietion of meat both 
in quantity and quality in animals, which are kept for that 
purpose, as we see in the emasculated bull, the steer, or in the 
case of the emaseulated boar, the barrow. This is perhaps more 
foreibly illustrated in the emasculation of the coek, whieh 
inereases his weight and prodiiees flesh of a mneh superior 
quality. The operation has been found to give best results 
in the meat-producing animals when performed at an early age. 
Anatomy .—Before taking up the operation itself, it would 
be well to glance briefly at the anatomy of the seat of the 
operation. 
In the normal animal, we have the testicles situated in the 
scrotum, between the thighs, in the horse and ruminants, while 
in the pig, they are situated more posteriorly and just below the 
perineum. 
The scrotum is composed from without inwards of, first, the 
common integument, which is reflected from the thighs over the 
scrotum. This is thin and soft. It is covered with soft, downy 
hairs, and has a great number of sebaceous glands, the seeretion 
from which keeps it soft and flexible. It is marked mesialy by 
a longitudinal raphe, which indicates a division into two por¬ 
tions, a right and left. Beneath the common integument, we 
have the dartos, a thin layer of muscular and elastic tissue, 
which is derived from the abdominal tunic and is continuous 
with it. This may be said to be the proper scrotal tunic, as 
besides covering the testiele, it sends a fold up between the 
testieles, called the septum scroti, corresponding to the outer 
longitudinal raphe. Beneath the dartos is the spermatie fascia. 
