252 
R. J. STANCLIFT. 
band of gray muscular fibres, and also the small testicular 
artery. These are all bound together by loose cellular tissue, 
which also contains nerves, lymphatics and the aceompanying 
veins of the arteries. The spermatie cord extends from the 
testiele up to the external abdominal ring ; inferior to this, it 
has the covering of the scrotum. It enters the inguinal canal 
and passes into the abdominal cavity, through the internal ab¬ 
dominal ring; here we will leave it, as for our purpose it is not 
necessary to trace it any further. 
methods of operating which are in vogue at the pres¬ 
ent TIME. 
The operation eonsists in the removal of the essential organs 
of generation, the testieles, or by bringing about a cessation of 
their functions. The methods used at the present time to bring 
this about can be divided into three classes. 
The first class would include those operation, by which the 
envelopes of the testiele are cut through and the organ removed 
by section of the spermatic cord. This would include simple 
section of the cord with a sharp knife, which is claimed to be 
one of the oldest methods, and is still used upon some of the 
smaller animals. With larger animals, there is danger of pro¬ 
fuse hsemorrhage. 
Scraping is but a modification of the preceding operation, 
and consists in using a dull instrument to scrape the cord 
slowly through. This, by lacerating the walls of the artery 
hastens clot formation but is sometimes followed by severe 
hsemorrhage. 
Torsion of the cord :—This is brought about after the envel¬ 
opes have been cut through by grasping the eord at the point 
where it emerges from the incision, with forceps or the hand, 
and fixing it firmly ; then with forceps or the hand grasping 
the cord just above the testiele, and by twisting to rupture the 
cord between these two points. This, by twisting and laeerating 
the fibrous coat of the arteries, occludes them and checks the 
hsemorrhage. 
Crushing of the cord :—This is very common at the present 
