ASEPTIC CASTRATION OF MALE ANIMALS. 
253 
day, and is accomplished by the use of the ecraseiir, or by the 
emasciilator, an instrument which has attained great popularity 
in the last decade ; and, last, section of the cord by actual cau¬ 
tery. This is accomplished by applying a broad wooden clamp 
upon the cord up as close as possible to the scrotum and then 
applying a dull red hot cautery to the cord and severing it with 
this. The stump of the cord is cauterized until it is carbon¬ 
ized, and as soon as this is accomplished is released from the 
clamp. 
The second class is but a modification of the first. Here the 
envelopes are incised the same as in the first, only there are ap¬ 
plied certain means of pressure to the cord which are allowed to 
remain on. These are applied before amputation of the tes¬ 
ticle, and consists of two methods—the application of clamps or 
of a ligature. The method of applying clamps is a very ancient 
mode of operating. It is performed in two ways—the covered 
and the uncovered. 
In the uncovered operation, the envelopes of the testicle are 
incised and the testicle removed from the envelopes. The 
clamps are applied to the cord above the epididymis and se¬ 
cured ; then, the testicle and the remainder of the cord below 
the clamp amputated with a sharp scalpel. The clamps are 
usually made of wood and are two semicylindrical pieces joined 
together with strong cord. The surfaces that come in apposi¬ 
tion usually have a longitudinal groove, which helps to prevent 
slipping, and by some operators this is filled with caustic paste. 
The clamps are usually allowed to remain on from thirty-six to 
sixty hours. 
The covered operation.—In this, the envelopes are incised 
down to the cremasteric fascia. This is carefully dissected 
away from the outer envelopes and then the clamps are applied 
over the remaining unopened envelopes and the cord and 
secured here ; then the testicle and surrounding envelopes are 
excised. 
By ligation.—This is done by applying a ligature over the 
cord, after exposing the testicle by ligating the spermatic 
