254 
R. J. STANCLTFT. 
artery or by ligating over the inner envelopes after separating 
them from the outer, the same as for the covered operation, 
with the clamps. 
In all these cases, the amputation is below the ligature. 
In ruminants, which have a long pendulous scrotum, some 
operators have ligated the entire scrotum and allowed it to 
slough off. In these cases, an elastic ligature is preferable. 
The third class would include those modes of operating 
where the scrotum is not incised, or a portion of it destroyed by 
the operation. These consist in either crushing the spermatic 
cord or operating by double subcutaneous torsion. 
Crushing the cord is only practicable in the pendulous 
scrotum of the ruminant. The cord enclosed in the scrotum is 
placed between two straight sticks, which have squared edges, 
and these are struck until the cord is crushed sufficiently to 
cause atrophy of the testicle to follow. 
The double subcutaneous torsion of the testicle is produced 
by so manipulating the testicle in the scrotum as to produce a 
twisting of the spermatic cord and thus cause an interference 
with the blood supply of the testicle and atrophy from innutri¬ 
tion. This operation is also only applicable in ruminants, on 
account of its requiring a pendulous scrotum. Both are used in 
southern France, but are not in general use, as they are not 
always certain in producing the desired effect, besides having 
the disadvantage of the persistent atrophied testicle in the 
scrotum, which might be objectionable. For these reasons, the 
third class will not be considered any further. 
The first two classes leave the scrotum open after the removal 
of the testicle. We find our veterinary writers mentioning 
swelling, (3) secondary haemorahage and suppuration (i) as the 
normal results of these methods of castration i also of perito¬ 
nitis, abscess of scrotum, tetanus, champignon or schirrous cord, 
gangrene of the scrotum and glanders (4) as the abnormal 
sequelae. All of these results, except the swelling, which may 
be an oedematous condition of the scrotum without infection, 
and the secondary haemorrhage may be traced directly to bac- 
