412 
DR. JEAN KOWALEWSKI. 
army is the principal inspector of medicine of the army. Under 
his orders are all physicians, veterinarians and druggists. In the 
military medical bureau at St. Petersburg, for the past two 
years, there has been a veterinary section, with one chief and 
two chief assistants—three veterinarians. In each military dis¬ 
trict, the chief of the veterinarians is military medical inspector ; 
he has under him a chief veterinarian whose duties and power 
are very limited, as he is more a clerk than a veterinarian. In 
each regiment of cavalry and each brigade of artillery, there is 
one veterinarian, who has several assistant veterinarians (sous- 
officiers). The salaries of army veterinarians vary between 
2800, 3500 and 4000 francs ($560, $700, $Soo) a year, according 
to length of service. Every five years (the first one does not 
count) additions are made to the regular appointment, the first 
time one-cptarter of his annual earnings ; the second (15 years) 
one-half ; the third (20 years’ duty), three-quarters oi his salary. 
Army veterinarians, beside their special duties, have to teach 
in the schools of assistant surgeons. The students of these 
schools have to follow a programme for three years of element¬ 
ary veterinary medicine and to pass an examination before a 
special board of veterinarians. 
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8. VETERINARY EDUCATION (VETERINARY INSTITUTES AND 
schools). 
The following cities have veterinary institutes: Khar- 
koff, Kazan, Jourieff, Dorpat, Varsovia. The oldest is that of 
Kharkoff, founded under the name of “Ecole Veterinaire Prac- 
tique,” in 1839 and reorganized in 1873. Between these insti¬ 
tutes, which have all the rights of faculties of universities, 
there are several elementary schools, for assistant veter'inary 
surgeons: Kharkoff, Kazan, Jourieff, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Nor- 
votschukassk, etc. At St. Petersburg, until 1880, there was a 
veterinary section (a faculty) at the Military Academy of Medi¬ 
cine, which was founded in 1808. All the veterinary institutes 
are attached to the Minister of Instruction, the director and 
professors are named by the Secretary. Students are selected 
