• VETERINARY MEDICINE IN RUSSIA. 
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from young men who have finished their course of studies in 
technical schools, classical gymnasiums ; the first have to pass 
an examination in lyatin. 
The course of studies lasts four years ; after which those 
who have passed a successful examination receive their diploma 
of “veterinarian,” which gives them the rank of sub-lieutenant 
in the army, after four years’ service. 
The veterinary schools of Kharkoff, Kazan and Jourieff are 
under the orders of directors from the veterinary institute ; the 
duration of the course is five years and those who have finished 
it have the title of assistant veterinary surgeons ; they may 
practice, under the survey of the veterinarians. 
The largest and best organized institute is that of Kharkoff. 
The director is Professor Rajewsky. There are three ordinary 
professors, five adjuncts and five assistants. Natural sciences, hy¬ 
giene and physiology are taught by professors from the faculty 
of medicine. 
The institute occupies several buildings ; a large clinic hos¬ 
pital for 50 patients, a chemical laboratory, amphitheatre of 
zootechny, laboratory of bacteriology, a service of vaccine, a 
riding school, operating halls, hospital for dogs. A farm for 
zootechny is wanted. The smallest of the institutes is that of 
Varsovia, whose faculty has eight professors. Dorpat furnishes 
the best practitioners, thanks to Prof. Putmann, who occu¬ 
pies the chair of practical operative surgery. 
A young graduate from an institute is quite well posted, 
scientifically speaking; knowing well the microscope, bacteri¬ 
ology, chemical analysis, etc., he is deficient in severe cases of 
epizootics or of complicated affections where a rapid diagnosis 
is so essential. 
The salaries of professors in the institute are 10,000 francs 
($2000), that of adjuncts 4800 francs ($960.) 
10. veterinary societies. 
In Russia, there are eight veterinary societies : 
(i) At St. Petersburg .—Society of Veterinary Physicians; 
